Past sea-level change represents the large-scale state of global climate, reflecting the waxing and waning of global ice sheets and the corresponding effect on ocean volume. Recent developments in sampling and analytical methods enable us to more precisely reconstruct past sea-level changes using geological indicators dated by radiometric methods. However, ice-volume changes alone cannot wholly account for these observations of local, relative sea-level change because of various geophysical factors including glacio-hydro-isostatic adjustments (GIA). The mechanisms behind GIA cannot be ignored when reconstructing global ice volume, yet they remain poorly understood within the general sea-level community. In this paper, various geophysical factors affecting sea-level observations are discussed and the details and impacts of these processes on estimates of past ice volumes are introduced.

中文翻译：

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关于影响古海平面观测的地球物理过程

过去的海平面变化代表了全球气候的大规模状态，反映了全球冰盖的起伏和减弱以及对海洋体积的相应影响。采样和分析方法的最新发展使我们能够利用放射测量法确定的地质指标更精确地重建过去的海平面变化。然而，由于各种地球物理因素，包括冰川－水等静压调整（GIA），仅冰量的变化并不能完全解释这些局部，相对海平面变化的观测结果。在重建全球冰量时，GIA背后的机制不容忽视，但是在一般海平面社区中，人们对它们的了解仍然很少。在本文中，