Both personality impairment and maladaptive-range traits are necessary for diagnosis in the alternative model of personality disorder. We clarified personality impairment-trait connections using measures of the interpersonal problems circumplex and personality traits among adult outpatients (N = 351) with major depressive disorder receiving cognitive therapy (CT). The trait scales’ circumplex projections were summarized by elevation (correlations with general interpersonal problems), amplitude (specific relations to the circumplex dimensions of dominance and affiliation), and angle (predominant orientation in the two-dimensional circumplex). Most trait scales showed hypothesized circumplex relations, including substantive elevation (e.g., negative temperament, mistrust), amplitude (e.g., aggression, detachment), and expected angles (e.g., positive temperament and manipulativeness oriented toward overly nurturant/intrusive or domineering/vindictive problems, respectively), that were stable across time during CT. These results revealed meaningful and consistent impairment-trait connections, even during CT when mean depressive affect decreased substantially.

在人格障碍的替代模型中，人格障碍和适应不良范围特征都是诊断所必需的。我们通过测量成人门诊患者的人际关系问题和人格特质来阐明人格障碍与特质的联系（N= 351) 患有接受认知治疗 (CT) 的重度抑郁症。特质量表的环状投影通过高度（与一般人际关系问题的相关性）、幅度（与支配和附属的环状维度的特定关系）和角度（二维环状中的主要方向）进行总结。大多数特质量表显示了假设的循环关系，包括实质性提升（例如，消极气质、不信任）、幅度（例如，侵略、疏离）和预期角度（例如，面向过度养育/侵扰或霸道/报复问题的积极气质和操纵性，分别），在 CT 期间随时间保持稳定。这些结果揭示了有意义且一致的损伤特征联系，