In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

• Salamis After Twenty-Five Centuries
• John Psaropoulos (bio)

1. What Salamis Achieved

The marble doorway leading in and out of the Acropolis offers the departing guest a framed view of the Salamis Strait, thirteen kilometers away. The University of California archaeologist John Papadopoulos, who made this observation, believes that is deliberate.

The Battle of Salamis, which took place twenty-five hundred years ago in that strait, successfully pitted an Athenian-led navy of three hundred ships against a Persian-led one of twelve hundred. It was perhaps the unlikeliest Athenian military victory of all time but gave Athens mastery of the Aegean. She used it to build a maritime empire offering Greek city-states Athenian-style democracies and security guarantees against Persia.

The doorway itself is part of the Propylaia, or foregate, of the Acropolis: a grand, colonnaded passage built, like the temples behind it, with the proceeds of that empire. It also happens to stand [End Page 297] on the spot where an aristocratic-led party of landlubbers who, having refused to give up the city and entrust their fate to the navy, erected a wooden palisade against the invading Persian army and were killed beside it. It is irresistible to imagine that Perikles, the Athenian general who commissioned the Propylaia, meant to create a permanent pointer to the city's greatest victory upon the site of its greatest miscalculation.

The Greeks at the Battle of Salamis were nominally led by Sparta. In reality, Athens was the source of Greek strategy and strength. It provided two-thirds of the Greek fleet. The battle's winning strategy came from an Athenian general, Themistokles.

Athens was the extraordinary component of the Greek forces for other reasons, too. Its punishment was the ultimate goal of the Persian expedition under Xerxes. Athens had sent twenty ships to assist her colonies in Asia Minor in a revolt against the Persian Empire fourteen years earlier. On a fennel-rich plain called Marathon, she had had the temerity to defeat the first Persian expeditionary force Xerxes's father, Darius, sent to punish her in 490 BC. When that failed, Darius issued orders for a larger-scale invasion he did not live to lead. "All Asia was in uproar for three years, with the best men being enrolled in the army for the invasion of Greece, and with the preparations," the Greek father of journalism, Herodotos, tells us at the beginning of Book VII of The Histories.

There were also political transformations afoot in Athens, which defeat at Salamis might well have quashed. Its experiment of constitutional democracy was not yet thirty years old. Persia, certainly, did not look kindly upon rule by the people; but neither did Sparta, whose king Kleomenes had marched on Athens no fewer than four times in the previous century to restore tyranny—one-man rule—under Hippias. Even now, on the eve of Salamis, the eightyyear-old Hippias and his family were waiting to return to power, this time under the sponsorship of the Persian Empire. [End Page 298]

The contest was not only highly uneven in military terms—it was politically asymmetrical, too. For Persia, these were largely wars of prestige, shoring up discipline in other parts of the empire that might be entertaining thoughts of revolt. For Athens they were existential. Every able-bodied man was conscripted to hold an oar or a spear. Women and children were evacuated to the Peloponnese and the island of Salamis. Temples, ancestral homes, and productive fields were abandoned to the invader's torch.

It would be no exaggeration to say that these Persian Wars were the driver of all subsequent Greek history until the Roman occupation four-and-a-half centuries later. They confirmed the irreversibility of democracy in Athens; they established the primacy of the Athenian thalassocracy throughout the Greek world; they stanched Persia's expansion into Europe and established a European power on the world stage for the first time; they incited the jealousy of Sparta and helped trigger the twenty-seven-year-long Peloponnesian War, through which she defeated Athens with the help of Persian gold and briefly restored her title as leader of Greece; and they engendered the...

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二十五世纪后的萨拉米香肠

代替摘要，这里是内容的简要摘录：

• 二十五世纪后的萨拉米香肠
• 约翰·帕萨罗普洛斯（生物）

1.萨拉米香肠取得了什么成就

进出雅典卫城的大理石门口为离任旅客提供十三公里外的萨拉米斯海峡的全景。进行此观察的加利福尼亚大学考古学家约翰·帕帕多普洛斯（John Papadopoulos）认为这是故意的。

两千五百年前在那海峡发生的萨拉米斯战役，成功地将雅典人领导的三百艘船的海军与波斯人领导的一千二百艘进行了对抗。这也许是有史以来最不可能的雅典军事胜利，但使雅典掌握了爱琴海。她用它建立了一个海上帝国，为希腊各城市国建立了雅典式的民主国家，并为波斯提供了安全保障。

门口本身是雅典卫城Propylaia的一部分，也就是前卫的一部分：这是一个宏大的，带有柱廊的通道，就像其后的神庙一样，以帝国的财产建造。它也恰好站在[End Page 297]的地方，一个由贵族领导的土地纠缠队，他们拒绝放弃这座城市并将命运交给海军，对反对入侵的波斯军队架起了一个木栅栏，并被杀害。在它旁边。令人难以置信的是，委托Propylaia的雅典将军Perikles打算在其最大的错误计算地点上永久性地指向该城市的最大胜利。

萨拉米斯战役中的希腊人名义上由斯巴达领导。实际上，雅典是希腊战略和实力的源泉。它提供了希腊船队的三分之二。这场战斗的制胜策略来自雅典将军Themistokles。

出于其他原因，雅典也是希腊军队的非凡组成部分。对它的惩罚是在Xerxes领导下的波斯探险队的最终目标。十四年前，雅典派出二十艘船协助她在小亚细亚的殖民地，以抵抗波斯帝国。在一个充满茴香气的平原上，马拉松（Marathon）曾残酷地击败了第一支波斯远征军谢尔克斯（Xerxes）的父亲达里乌斯（Darius），在公元前490年派遣了惩罚她的父亲。当那次失败时，达里乌斯下达命令，要求他进行大规模入侵，而他没有活着领导这一行动。希腊新闻之父希罗多德斯（Hordotos）在《历史》第七卷的开头告诉我们：“整个亚洲都骚动了三年，最优秀的人被招募入伍，准备入侵希腊。”。

雅典也正在进行政治变革，在萨拉米斯的失败很可能已被平息。它的宪政民主试验还不到三十年。当然，波斯并没有看待人民的统治。但是，斯巴达（Sparta）也没做过，斯巴达的国王克留美尼斯（Kleomenes）在上个世纪不少于四次向雅典游行，以恢复希比亚（Hippias）统治下的独裁统治。即使是现在，在萨拉米斯（Salamis）的前夕，八十岁的希皮亚（Hippias）和他的家人也在波斯帝国（Persian Empire）的赞助下，等待着重新掌权。[结束第298页]

这场竞赛不仅在军事上是高度不平衡的，而且在政治上也是不对称的。对于波斯来说，这些主要是声望战争，支撑了帝国其他地区的纪律，可能正在引起反叛的思想。对于雅典来说，它们是存在的。每个身体强壮的人应征者应握桨或长矛。妇女和儿童被疏散到伯罗奔尼撒和萨拉米斯岛。庙宇，祖传房屋和生产地被抛弃在入侵者的火炬上。

毫不夸张地说，这些波斯战争是随后所有希腊历史的驱动力，直到四个半个世纪后的罗马占领为止。他们确认了雅典民主的不可逆转。他们在整个希腊世界中确立了雅典自治制度的首要地位；他们阻止了波斯向欧洲的扩张，并首次在世界舞台上建立了欧洲强国。他们煽动了对斯巴达的嫉妒，并引发了长达27年的伯罗奔尼撒战争，通过波斯金，她击败了雅典，并短暂地恢复了其希腊领导人的头衔；他们产生了...