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Washington
Journal of Education Finance Pub Date : 2021-04-01
Tommy E. Jackson

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

  • Washington
  • Tommy E. Jackson (bio)

Washington ratifies budgets on a two-year cycle, beginning on July 1 of every odd year. The previously approved budget from 2019-2021 will be in effect from July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2021. Last spring, Governor Jay Inslee and the Washington Legislature ratified a two-year state budget that will expand behavioral health, finance improvements to education, create affordable housing, increase Orca recovery and support climate action.1 However, Washington's current 2019-2021 budget will endure a $4.5 billion shortfall forecasted by the state's Economic and Revenue Council.2 Additionally, the state's 2021-2023 budget is expected to shrink by an additional $4.3 billion, more significant than the February estimate.3 Like many other states, Washington's deficit is due to the economic impact associated with closures due to the Covid-19, which led to record unemployment and reduced consumer spending4, which Washington relies heavily on to generate revenue. Such closures forced state economies to constrict, which caused massive budgetary deficits across the country.5

Currently, Washington's Major General Fund-State (GF-S) revenue collections are $464.8 million lower than the previous forecast made in February; approximately half of the deficit is due to deferrals for property tax to alleviate the economic woes of Covid-19.6 In early March, lawmakers in Washington approved a $1 billion supplemental operating budget to address Covid-19, homelessness and affordable housing issues. The governor's focus has shifted to other vulnerable populations and economic lag areas since the education system did not endure significant budget cuts this fiscal cycle.

funding priorities for p-12 and/or higher education

In an effort to grow the economy, state spending increased by approximately 14 percent over the previous biennium. Experts urge Washington to continue investing in its [End Page 372] citizens. Though the state is in the midst of a recession, historically, states recover sooner from recessions when they circulate cash to its citizens instead of laying them off due to adverse economic forces.7 Currently, Washington's budget is not balanced, and there will not be a special session to do so. Therefore, the figures outlined below are projections based on the previous biennial budget enacted on July 1, 2019. Washington's funding priorities are as follows:

1) Public Education (P-12 and Higher Education) – $46.1 billion; 2) Human Services – $45.3 billion; 3) Transportation - $8.869 billion; 4) General Government Fund - $5.295 billion; 5) All Other Expenditures - $4.730 billion ; 6) Natural Resources - $2.165 billion

changes to funding formula p-12 and/or higher education

Washington overhauled its funding formula in 2017. Then, the approach created a two-tier cap on local levies to counterbalance an increase in the statewide property-tax rate for education funding.8 In 2019, due to unfavorable financial projections of the two-tier cap lawmakers increased the levy ceiling to give taxpayers relief. Even with the change to the formula, many analysts feared school districts with a high percentage of students from low-income status and disabilities would strain to balance the cut in their localities.9 Lawmakers in the state are considering changing the formula again to rectify the disparities among districts to account for poverty and students with disabilities.

pressing state issues affecting p-12 and/or higher education funding

One of the State's most pressing issues is the response to Covid-19. As a response, the State passed House Bill (HB) 2965 provided $200 million from state reserves to aid local governments and federally recognized indigenous tribes to combat Covid-19.10 Additionally, HB2965 provided $25 million for unemployment insurance due to employees losing their jobs during the outbreak.11 Additional issues, such as homelessness, diversity and inclusion, workforce investment, and early learning, are other items the supplemental budget of Washington addressed by design.

exclusive to p-12: what are the alternatives to traditional public schools offered by the state? what does the trend in funding look like for these alternatives?

Washington offers multiple accredited alternatives to traditional P-12 public schools. For example, Washington offers online learning, home-based instruction, the Highly Capable program, and the...



中文翻译:

华盛顿州

代替摘要,这里是内容的简要摘录:

  • 华盛顿州
  • 汤米·杰克逊(传记)

华盛顿以每两年一次的7月1日开始的两年周期批准预算。先前批准的2019-2021年预算将在2019年7月1日至2021年6月30日生效。去年春天,州长Jay Inslee和华盛顿州立法机关批准了一项为期两年的州预算,该预算将扩大行为健康,改善财务状况。教育,创造负担得起的住房,促进逆戟鲸的康复并支持气候行动。1然而,华盛顿州目前的2019-2021年预算将承受该州经济与收入理事会预测的45亿美元的缺口。2此外,该州2021年至2023年的预算预计还会再减少43亿美元,比2月份的估算还多。3像许多其他州一样,华盛顿的赤字是由于Covid-19导致的停业带来的经济影响,这导致创纪录的失业率和减少的消费者支出4,华盛顿在很大程度上依赖于创收。这种关闭迫使国家经济收缩,在全国范围内造成了巨大的预算赤字。5

目前,华盛顿州主要普通基金州(GF-S)的税收收入比2月份的先前预测低4.648亿美元。大约一半的赤字是由于缓缴财产税以减轻Covid-19的经济困境所致。6 3月初,华盛顿的立法者批准了10亿美元的补充运营预算,以解决Covid-19,无家可归和负担得起的住房问题。由于教育系统并未在本财政周期内大幅削减预算,因此州长的重点已转移到其他弱势人群和经济落后地区。

P-12和/或高等教育的资助重点

为了发展经济,国家支出比上一个两年期增加了约14%。专家敦促华盛顿继续对其[End Page 372]公民进行投资。尽管该州正处于衰退之中,但从历史上看,当州将现金流向其公民而不是由于不利的经济力量而解雇时,各州便会更快地从衰退中恢复过来。7目前,华盛顿的预算不平衡,因此不会召开特别会议。因此,以下概述的数字是基于2019年7月1日颁布的上一个两年期预算的预测。华盛顿的资金优先事项如下:

1)公共教育(P-12和高等教育)-461亿美元;2)人类服务– 453亿美元;3)交通-88.69亿美元;4)普通政府基金-52.95亿美元;5)所有其他支出-47.30亿美元;6)自然资源-21.65亿美元

更改资助公式p-12和/或高等教育

华盛顿在2017年彻底修改了其筹资方式。然后,该方法对地方税收设定了两级上限,以抵消全州范围内教育资金的财产税率的上升。8 2019年,由于两级上限立法者的财务预测不佳,提高了征​​费上限以减轻纳税人的负担。即使改变了公式,许多分析家仍然担心,来自低收入状态和残疾学生的学区比例很高,他们会竭力平衡当地的减薪情况。9该州的立法者正在考虑再次更改公式,以纠正地区之间的差异,以解决贫困和残疾学生的问题。

影响p-12和/或高等教育经费的紧迫国家问题

纽约州最紧迫的问题之一是对Covid-19的回应。作为回应,纽约州通过了2965年众议院法案(HB),从州储备中提供了2亿美元,以援助地方政府和联邦政府认可的土著部落与Covid-19作战。10此外,由于员工在疫情爆发期间失业,HB2965提供了2500万美元的失业保险。11其他问题,例如无家可归,多样性和包容性,劳动力投资和早期学习,是华盛顿通过设计解决的补充预算中的其他项目。

p-12专有:国家提供的替代传统公立学校的方法有哪些?这些替代方案的资金趋势如何?

华盛顿州提供了许多经过认证的传统P-12公立学校的替代方案。例如,华盛顿州提供在线学习,基于家庭的教学,Highly Capable计划以及...

更新日期:2021-04-01
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