Corrections are not always effective at reducing belief in misinformation. Negated corrections, which state a piece of information is not true, may only be effective at inhibiting information an observer has already encountered. We compared the effectiveness of negated corrections and replacements while manipulating initial exposure to a target concept. Subjects read one (Experiment 1) or six (Experiment 2) passages presenting a target concept (e.g., blue car) or not, followed by a negated correction (e.g., not blue), replacement (e.g., red), or no correction, then answered open-ended questions which were scored for mentions of the target concept. When subjects were exposed to the target concept, negated corrections reduced mentions of the misinformation relative to no correction; however, when not exposed to the concept, negated corrections increased mentions relative to no correction. These results demonstrate that negated corrections can increase belief in misinformation when observers have not been exposed to the misinformation.

中文翻译：

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纠正未知：否定的纠正可能会增加对错误信息的信念

纠正并不总是有效地减少对错误信息的信念。否定更正，表明一条信息不真实，可能只对抑制观察者已经遇到的信息有效。我们在操纵初始暴露于目标概念时比较了否定更正和替换的有效性。受试者阅读一篇（实验 1）或六篇（实验 2）呈现目标概念（例如，蓝色汽车）或不呈现的段落，然后进行否定更正（例如，不是蓝色）、替换（例如，红色）或不更正，然后回答开放式问题，对提及目标概念进行评分。当受试者接触到目标概念时，与没有更正相比，否定更正减少了对错误信息的提及；然而，当没有接触到这个概念时，相对于没有更正，否定更正增加了提及。这些结果表明，当观察者没有接触到错误信息时，否定更正可以增加对错误信息的信任。