Reviewed by:

• Border Policing: A History of Enforcement and Evasion in North America ed. by Holly M. Karibo and George T. Díaz
• Iván Chaar López

Historians of the U.S. Southwest would be hard-pressed to find a moment in history when the boundaries of the nation—both geopolitical and citizenship—were clearly delineated, consistently enforced, and widely accepted. The framing of "crisis" has been a recurring feature of border policing in U.S. history since at least the early nineteenth century. This much is deftly and effectively argued in Holly M. Karibo and George T. Díaz's edited volume Border Policing: A History of Enforcement and Evasion [End Page 483] in North America. Comprising events, actors, and processes from the War of 1812 to contemporary media representations of border security, the book relies on a comparative and interdisciplinary framework to examine policing along the country's northern and southern borders. By looking at places and processes, the book shows readers both their distinctiveness and their similarities.

Of chief concern is the fact that both border zones are part of a growing border-policing regime that has subjected people to differential treatment, especially racialized others targeted by state violence since the nineteenth century: Native Americans, Chinese and Syrian migrants, and ethnic Mexicans, to name a few. The editors ask, "How have states (at the federal, state, provincial, and local levels) attempted to regulate and police people and goods at their geographical and political borders? And how have local communities responded to, been shaped by, and at times undermined particular policing objectives and practices?" (6). Contributors rigorously explore these questions in archival materials produced by a range of actors in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Most of the fourteen chapters follow governmental actors and actual policies, laws, and procedures in border policing, although many also document the practices of non-state actors like Native Americans, vigilantes, smugglers, and migrants. Echoing the approach in new borderlands historiography, most of the chapters frame their objects of analysis in a transnational manner by engaging actors, ideas, and materials across geopolitical borders. Doing so demonstrates how border policing, an integral part of state- and nation-making, has not been limited to governmental agencies, but instead is the result of differently located, distributed processes.

The book is divided chronologically into four parts, each devoted to the means of producing national borders in North America since the nineteenth century. Starting with an emerging, ever-changing geopolitical and physical boundary, the book shows the importance of defining and policing borders to state- and nation-making. The aim of the editors is to demonstrate how border zones moved from soft and "relatively fluid transnational regions" into hardened, "expansive military zones" (5). Yet, I think the book aptly shows the partial, incomplete, and contingent nature of border policing itself. And with regard to militarization—as a progressive, ever intensifying process—the production of the border can be seen as entangled with military logics at the heart of state-making. That is not to say that armed vigilantes, soldiers, and police agents do not denote a distinctive modality of border policing and enforcement. Yet it does push border studies scholars of all stripes to question if militarization should be seen as an intensifying process over time or as a central dynamic of nation-making and imperial formations, particularly in the context of settler colonialism. In this sense chapters 1, 3, 8, and 12 (especially those chapters devoted to Indigenous communities and their contestations of [End Page 484] settler colonial boundaries) help carve new ground, not only for studying but also for interrogating border policing across different regions and across clashing concepts of nation.

In short, to study border policing as a changing historical practice affords insight into its values, imaginaries, actors, and actions. In this sense, the authors in this collection contribute to the growing scholarly consensus that posits borders as central artifacts and geographical areas in the making of national cultures and their...

审核人：

• 边境警务：北美执法与逃避史ed。霍莉·M·卡里波（Holly M.Karibo）和乔治·T·迪亚兹（GeorgeT.Díaz）
• 伊万·查尔·洛佩斯（IvánChaarLópez）

美国西南部的历史学家很难在历史上找到一个时刻，那就是要明确划定，始终如一地执行和广泛接受美国的边界（包括地缘政治和公民身份）。至少从19世纪初期开始，“危机”的构架就一直是美国历史上边境警务的一个经常出现的特征。在Holly M. Karibo和George T.Díaz编辑的《边境警务：执法和逃避的历史》 [完页483] 中，巧妙而有效地论证了这一点。。该书囊括了从1812年战争到当代媒体对边界安全的报道，事件，参与者和过程，并依靠一个比较性和跨学科的框架来研究该国北部和南部边界的治安情况。通过查看地点和过程，这本书向读者展示了他们的独特性和相似性。

最令人担忧的是，两个边境地区都是不断发展的边境警政制度的一部分，该制度使人们受到差别待遇，特别是自19世纪以来种族歧视其他遭受国家暴力袭击的人：美洲原住民，华裔和叙利亚移民以及墨西哥人，仅举几例。编辑者问道：“各州（在联邦，州，省和地方各级）如何试图在其地理和政治边界上对人民和物资进行监管和警察？而且，当地社区如何作出反应，受到其影响并受到其影响？时代破坏了特定的警务目标和做法？” （6）。贡献者在加拿大，美国和墨西哥的许多演员制作的档案资料中严格探讨了这些问题。十四章中的大多数都遵循政府行为者以及边境警务的实际政策，法律和程序，尽管许多章节也记录了非国家行为者的做法，例如美洲原住民，民警，走私者和移民。与新的边疆史学方法相呼应，大多数章节都通过跨地缘政治边界的参与者，思想和材料以跨国方式来构成其分析对象。这样做证明了边界警务是国家和国家建立不可或缺的一部分，它不仅限于政府机构，而是不同地点，分散过程的结果。与新的边疆史学方法相呼应，大多数章节都通过跨地缘政治边界的参与者，思想和材料以跨国方式来构成其分析对象。这样做证明了边界警务是国家和国家建立不可或缺的一部分，它不仅限于政府机构，而是不同地点，分散过程的结果。与新的边疆史学方法相呼应，大多数章节都通过跨地缘政治边界的参与者，思想和材料以跨国方式来构成其分析对象。这样做证明了边界警务是国家和国家建立不可或缺的一部分，它不仅限于政府机构，而是不同地点，分散过程的结果。

这本书按时间顺序分为四个部分，每个部分都专门讨论自19世纪以来北美的生产国界的方法。该书从一个新兴的，不断变化的地缘政治和自然边界开始，显示了为国家和国家建立边界并对其治安管理的重要性。编辑的目的是演示边界地区如何从软的“相对流动的跨国地区”转变为硬化的“扩张性军事地区”（5）。但是，我认为这本书恰当地显示了边境警务本身的部分，不完整和偶然的性质。关于军事化（作为一个不断发展的，不断加剧的过程），边界的生产可以被视为与作为国家核心的军事逻辑纠缠在一起。但这并不是说武装警卫队，士兵，警察并没有表示边境警务和执法的独特形式。然而，这的确促使各种边界研究的学者质疑，军事化应被视为随着时间的流逝而加剧的进程，还是被视为民族建立和帝国形成的中心动力，特别是在定居者殖民主义的背景下。从这个意义上讲，第1、3、8和12章（尤其是那些专门针对土著社区及其对种族的争辩的章节）[结束页484]定居者的殖民地边界）不仅在研究方面而且在询问不同地区和冲突国家概念中的边境警务方面都开拓了新的领域。

简而言之，将边界警务研究作为一种不断变化的历史惯例进行研究，可以深入了解其价值，想象力，行动者和行动。从这个意义上讲，该系列的作者为日益增长的学术共识做出了贡献，该共识将边界定为民族文化及其形成过程中的中心文物和地理区域。