The ability of ecosystems to withstand disturbances and maintain their functions is being increasingly tested as rates of change intensify due to climate change and other human activities. Microorganisms are crucial players underpinning ecosystem functions, and the recovery of microbial communities from disturbances is therefore a key part of the complex processes determining the fate of ecosystem functioning. However, despite global environmental change consisting of numerous pressures, it is unclear and controversial how multiple disturbances affect microbial community stability and what consequences this has for ecosystem functions. This is particularly the case for those multiple or compounded disturbances that occur more frequently than the normal recovery time. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms that can govern the responses of microbes to multiple disturbances across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We first summarize and discuss properties and mechanisms that influence resilience in aquatic and soil biomes to determine whether there are generally applicable principles. Following, we focus on interactions resulting from inherent characteristics of compounded disturbances, such as the nature of the disturbance, timing, and chronology that can lead to complex and nonadditive effects that are modulating the response of microorganisms.

中文翻译：

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跨生态系统和多重干扰的微生物群落恢复力

随着气候变化和其他人类活动导致变化速度加剧，生态系统抵御干扰和维持其功能的能力正在受到越来越多的考验。微生物是支撑生态系统功能的关键参与者，因此微生物群落从干扰中恢复是决定生态系统功能命运的复杂过程的关键部分。然而，尽管全球环境变化包含众多压力，但多重干扰如何影响微生物群落稳定性以及这对生态系统功能有何影响尚不清楚且存在争议。对于那些比正常恢复时间更频繁发生的多重或复合干扰情况尤其如此。本综述的目的是概述微生物对水生和陆地生态系统中多种干扰的反应的机制。我们首先总结和讨论影响水生和土壤生物群落恢复力的特性和机制，以确定是否存在普遍适用的原则。接下来，我们关注由复合干扰的固有特征引起的相互作用，例如干扰的性质、时间和时间顺序，这些相互作用可能导致复杂的和非加性效应，从而调节微生物的反应。我们首先总结和讨论影响水生和土壤生物群落恢复力的特性和机制，以确定是否存在普遍适用的原则。接下来，我们关注由复合干扰的固有特征引起的相互作用，例如干扰的性质、时间和时间顺序，这些相互作用可能导致复杂的和非加性效应，从而调节微生物的反应。我们首先总结和讨论影响水生和土壤生物群落恢复力的特性和机制，以确定是否存在普遍适用的原则。接下来，我们关注由复合干扰的固有特征引起的相互作用，例如干扰的性质、时间和时间顺序，这些相互作用可能导致复杂和非加性效应，从而调节微生物的反应。