Spin current and spin torque generation through the spin–orbit interactions in solids, of bulk or interfacial origin, is at the heart of spintronics research. The realization of spin–orbit torque (SOT) driven magnetic dynamics and switching in diverse magnetic heterostructures also pave the way for developing SOT magnetoresistive random access memory and other novel SOT memory and logic devices. Of scientific and technological importance are accurate and efficient SOT quantification techniques, which have been abundantly developed in the last decade. In this article, we summarize popular techniques to experimentally quantify SOTs in magnetic heterostructures at micro- and nano-scale. For each technique, we give an overview of its principle, variations, strengths, shortcomings, error sources, and any cautions in usage. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges in understanding and quantifying the SOTs in heterostructures.

中文翻译：

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简而言之，自旋轨道扭矩表征

自旋电子学研究的核心是通过固体中自旋轨道相互作用产生的自旋电流和自旋扭矩。自旋轨道转矩（SOT）驱动的磁动力学的实现以及在各种磁异质结构中的切换也为开发SOT磁阻随机存取存储器以及其他新颖的SOT存储器和逻辑设备铺平了道路。具有科学和技术重要性的是准确有效的SOT量化技术，该技术在过去十年中得到了广泛的发展。在本文中，我们总结了一些流行的技术，这些技术可以在微观和纳米尺度上对磁性异质结构中的SOT进行实验量化。对于每种技术，我们都会概述其原理，变化，优点，缺点，错误源以及使用中的注意事项。最后，