Biochar is a relatively new soil amendment method in agricultural practices that can improve the ecosystem services of soils. Biochar has commonly been applied to less fertile or contaminated soils, specifically sandy-textured and contaminated sandy soils, to improve their properties. However, the available literature indicates that not all sandy-textured and contaminated sandy soils show the same response to biochar applications, as the sign and size of the effect vary across studies. More specifically, primary studies show heterogeneous and potentially conflicting impacts of biochar application on a set of ecosystem services provided by these types of soils; namely, biomass production, water cycle, nutrient cycle, and climate regulation. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to systematically review the available evidence base to synthesise the impact and drivers of biochar amendments on four specific ecosystem services provided by sandy-textured and contaminated sandy soils. This review follows the guideline of the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence and corresponds to the ROSES (RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Synthesis) reporting standard. A comprehensive search strategy will be employed to cover peer-reviewed and gray literature through bibliographic databases, organizational and institutional websites, and web searches. Search terms and strategies have been developed to identify the impact of biochar on the ecosystem services of sandy-textured soils. The search results will be screened first by their title and abstract, and then by their full text. Two literature reviewers will do this based on eligibility criteria. A validity assessment will be conducted to critically appraise and assess the validity of studies using a common validity framework for environmental studies. Data will be extracted from the studies that are found to be valid for the review. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis will be employed to synthesise the review results.

中文翻译：

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生物炭对含沙纹理和受污染沙土提供的生态系统服务的影响：系统审查方案

生物炭是农业实践中一种相对较新的土壤改良方法，可以改善土壤的生态系统服务。通常将生物炭应用于肥沃度较低或受污染的土壤，特别是沙质纹理和污染的沙土，以改善其性能。但是，现有文献表明，并不是所有的沙质纹理和受污染的沙土都对生物炭的施用表现出相同的反应，因为影响的迹象和大小因研究而异。更具体地说，主要研究表明，生物炭施用对这些类型的土壤提供的一系列生态系统服务的影响是异质的，并且可能是相互冲突的；即生物量生产，水循环，养分循环和气候调节。所以，本研究的目的是系统地审查可用的证据基础，以综合分析生物炭修正对沙质和污染沙土提供的四种特定生态系统服务的影响和驱动因素。此次审查遵循了环境证据协作指南，并符合ROSES（系统证据综合的RepOrting标准）报告标准。通过书目数据库，组织和机构网站以及网络搜索，将采用全面的搜索策略来覆盖经过同行评审的灰色文献。已经开发了搜索术语和策略，以识别生物炭对含沙质地土壤的生态系统服务的影响。搜索结果将首先按标题和摘要进行筛选，然后按全文进行筛选。两名文献审阅者将根据资格标准来执行此操作。将使用环境研究的通用有效性框架进行有效性评估，以严格评估和评估研究的有效性。将从研究中得出的有效研究中提取数据。叙述性综合和荟萃分析将用于综合评价结果。