FPGA accelerators are gaining increasing attention in both cloud and edge computing because of their hardware flexibility, high computational throughput, and low power consumption. However, the design flow of FPGAs often requires specific knowledge of the underlying hardware, which hinders the wide adoption of FPGAs by application developers. Therefore, the virtualization of FPGAs becomes extremely important to create a useful abstraction of the hardware suitable for application developers. Such abstraction also enables the sharing of FPGA resources among multiple users and accelerator applications, which is important because, traditionally, FPGAs have been mostly used in single-user, single-embedded-application scenarios. There are many works in the field of FPGA virtualization covering different aspects and targeting different application areas. In this article, we review the system architectures used in the literature for FPGA virtualization. In addition, we identify the primary objectives of FPGA virtualization, based on which we summarize the techniques for realizing FPGA virtualization. This article helps researchers to efficiently learn about FPGA virtualization research by providing a comprehensive review of the existing literature.

中文翻译：

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FPGA虚拟化的系统架构和技术概览

由于FPGA加速器的硬件灵活性，高计算吞吐量和低功耗，它们在云计算和边缘计算中越来越受到关注。但是，FPGA的设计流程通常需要特定的底层硬件知识，这阻碍了应用程序开发人员广泛采用FPGA。因此，FPGA的虚拟化对于创建适用于应用程序开发人员的硬件的有用抽象非常重要。这种抽象还使多个用户和加速器应用程序之间可以共享FPGA资源，这很重要，因为传统上，FPGA主要用于单用户，单嵌入式应用程序场景中。FPGA虚拟化领域有很多工作涉及不同方面，针对不同的应用领域。在本文中，我们回顾了用于FPGA虚拟化的文献中使用的系统架构。此外，我们确定了FPGA虚拟化的主要目标，并在此基础上总结了实现FPGA虚拟化的技术。本文通过对现有文献进行全面回顾，帮助研究人员有效地了解FPGA虚拟化研究。