Abstract

International human rights law is most efficacious when it is both incorporated into domestic law and translated into local contexts. Yet, cities as independent implementers of unratified international law have received limited scholarly attention. This article examines such renegade municipal localization of international law through an analysis of San Francisco and Los Angeles’s binding ordinances implementing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – a treaty to which the United States in not a party. The analysis demonstrates that municipal ordinances in US charter cities are robust legal mechanisms that can help actualize human rights in large urban populations, despite national inaction. Nonetheless, municipal localization of unratified international law – in both the content of the ordinances and their implementation over time – is driven predominantly by local context and city politics rather than conformity to the international treaty on which the ordinances are based. While this importantly demonstrates that unratified international law can be made relevant to cities, the insularity of local ordinances can also result in limited accountability for non-implementation and the ordinances evolving apart from international treaty developments.

中文翻译：

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当全球成为市政当局时：美国城市本地化未批准的国际人权法

摘要

将国际人权法纳入国内法并转化为当地情境时，它才是最有效的。但是，城市作为未批准国际法的独立实施者，在学术上受到的关注有限。本文通过分析旧金山和洛杉矶实施《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》（CEDAW）的有约束力的法令，研究了这种叛逆性的国际法地域性本土化，该公约是美国未参加的条约。分析表明，尽管国家不采取行动，但美国宪章城市的市政条例是强有力的法律机制，可以帮助实现大城市人口的人权。尽管如此，该法令的内容及其随时间的实施，在未批准的国际法中，对城市进行本地化主要是由当地情况和城市政治所驱动，而不是与该法令所依据的国际条约相符。虽然这很重要地表明，可以使未经批准的国际法与城市有关，但地方法规的孤立也可能导致对不执行的责任有限，并且该法规随着国际条约的发展而演变。