Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.

中文翻译：

---

冠状病毒感染：免疫学家的观点

冠状病毒感染是多种物种中常见的病毒感染。2000年代初期，严重急性呼吸系统综合症（SARS）一出现，大部分研究就集中在肺部疾病上。然而，免疫反应紊乱和器官功能障碍已被记录。患有合并症的老年人在所有引起 SARS 的冠状病毒中表现出更差的结果。SARS-CoV-2感染的疾病严重程度与严重炎症和组织损伤有关，针对该病毒的有效免疫反应仍在分析中。ACE2受体表达和多态性、年龄、性别和免疫遗传学也是在患者的临床特征和免疫反应中发挥重要作用的因素，并且已被部分讨论。本报告旨在回顾 SARS-CoV-2 感染的病理生理学，并提出新的研究课题，以了解病毒感染和病毒清除的复杂机制。