We integrated phylogenetic, biogeographic and palaeontological data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the cuckoo wasps. We propose a phylogenetic hypothesis based on a comprehensive morphological study resulting in 300 characters coded for both living and extinct species. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimation were simultaneously inferred in a Bayesian tip-dating framework, applying a relaxed morphological clock. Results unequivocally indicate Chrysididae to be monophyletic, as well as all traditionally recognized subfamilies and tribes. Within the Chrysidinae, Elampini was placed as the sister-group of the other three chrysidine tribes, with Parnopini as sister to the clade including Allocoeliini and Chrysidini. Dating analysis indicates that the major lineages started to differentiate around 130 Mya during the Early Cretaceous. The clades recognized as subfamilies started differentiating during the Palaeogene and the Neogene. Our results reveal an intricate process on the geographic evolution of chrysidid wasps and dispute previous ideas that Cretaceous-old splits in their early history could be associated with vicariant events related to the breakup between Africa and South America. The present-day southern disjunctions of some groups are interpreted as the outcome of more recent dispersals and extinctions of representatives from Nearctic and Palaearctic faunas during the Neogene, when northern continents became significantly colder.

中文翻译：

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形态学和贝叶斯尖端测年恢复了主要 chrysidid 谱系（膜翅目：Chrysididae）之间的深白垩纪时代分歧

我们整合了系统发育、生物地理学和古生物学数据来重建杜鹃黄蜂的进化历史。我们提出了一个基于综合形态学研究的系统发育假说，该研究产生了 300 个为现存物种和已灭绝物种编码的字符。系统发育关系和发散时间估计在贝叶斯尖端约会框架中同时推断，应用放松的形态时钟。结果明确表明，Chrysididae 是单系的，以及所有传统上公认的亚科和部落。在 Chrysidinae 中，Elampini 被列为其他三个 Chrysidine 部落的姐妹群，Parnopini 是包括 Allocoeliini 和 Chrysidini 在内的进化枝的姐妹。测年分析表明，主要谱系在白垩纪早期的 130 Mya 左右开始分化。被认为是亚科的进化枝在古近纪和新近纪开始分化。我们的研究结果揭示了菊蜂地理演化的复杂过程，并反驳了先前的观点，即白垩纪早期的分裂可能与与非洲和南美洲分裂有关的变迁事件有关。一些群体今天的南部分离被解释为新近纪期间近北区和古北区动物群的代表最近分散和灭绝的结果，当时北部大陆变得明显更冷。我们的研究结果揭示了菊蜂地理演化的复杂过程，并反驳了先前的观点，即白垩纪早期的分裂可能与与非洲和南美洲分裂有关的变迁事件有关。一些群体今天的南部分离被解释为新近纪期间近北区和古北区动物群的代表最近分散和灭绝的结果，当时北部大陆变得明显更冷。我们的研究结果揭示了菊蜂地理演化的复杂过程，并反驳了先前的观点，即白垩纪早期的分裂可能与与非洲和南美洲分裂有关的变迁事件有关。一些群体今天的南部分离被解释为新近纪期间近北区和古北区动物群的代表最近分散和灭绝的结果，当时北部大陆变得明显更冷。