Post-translational modifications of proteins are well-established participants in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, which function in the maintenance of genome integrity. Emerging evidence is starting to reveal the involvement of modifications on RNA in the DDR. RNA modifications are known regulators of gene expression but how and if they participate in DNA repair and genome maintenance has been poorly understood. Here, we review several studies that have now established RNA modifications as key components of DNA damage responses. RNA modifying enzymes and the binding proteins that recognize these modifications localize to and participate in the repair of UV-induced and DNA double-strand break lesions. RNA modifications have a profound effect on DNA–RNA hybrids (R-loops) at DNA damage sites, a structure known to be involved in DNA repair and genome stability. Given the importance of the DDR in suppressing mutations and human diseases such as neurodegeneration, immunodeficiencies, cancer and aging, RNA modification pathways may be involved in human diseases not solely through their roles in gene expression but also by their ability to impact DNA repair and genome stability.

中文翻译：

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RNA修饰在基因组完整性中的新兴作用

蛋白质的翻译后修饰是 DNA 损伤反应 (DDR) 通路中公认的参与者，其在维持基因组完整性方面发挥作用。新的证据开始揭示 DDR 中 RNA 修饰的参与。RNA 修饰是已知的基因表达调节剂，但它们如何以及是否参与 DNA 修复和基因组维护却知之甚少。在这里，我们回顾了几项研究，这些研究现已将 RNA 修饰确定为 DNA 损伤反应的关键组成部分。RNA 修饰酶和识别这些修饰的结合蛋白定位于并参与紫外线诱导和 DNA 双链断裂损伤的修复。RNA 修饰对 DNA-RNA 杂合体（R-loops）在 DNA 损伤位点有深远的影响，一种已知参与 DNA 修复和基因组稳定性的结构。鉴于 DDR 在抑制突变和人类疾病（如神经变性、免疫缺陷、癌症和衰老）中的重要性，RNA 修饰途径可能不仅通过它们在基因表达中的作用而且通过它们影响 DNA 修复和基因组的能力参与人类疾病稳定。