1. Understanding encounters between marine predators and fisheries across national borders and outside national jurisdictions offers new perspectives on unwanted interactions to inform ocean management and predator conservation. Although seabird–fisheries overlap has been documented at many scales, remote identification of vessel encounters has lagged because vessel movement data often are lacking.
2. Here, we reveal albatrosses–fisheries associations throughout the North Pacific Ocean. We identified commercial fishing operations using Global Fishing Watch data and algorithms to detect fishing vessels. We compiled GPS tracks of adult black-footed Phoebastria nigripes and Laysan Phoebastria immutabilis albatrosses, and juvenile short-tailed albatrosses Phoebastria albatrus. We quantified albatrosses-vessel encounters based on the assumed distance that birds perceive a vessel (≤30 km), and associations when birds approached vessels (≤3 km). For each event we quantified bird behaviour, environmental conditions and vessel characteristics and then applied Boosted Regression Tree models to identify drivers and the duration of these associations.
3. In regions of greater fishing effort short-tailed and Laysan albatrosses associated with fishing vessels more frequently. However, fishing method (e.g. longline, trawl) and flag nation did not influence association prevalence nor the duration short-tailed albatrosses attended fishing vessels. Laysan albatrosses were more likely to approach longer vessels. Black-footed albatrosses were the most likely to approach vessels (61.9%), but limited vessel encounters (n = 21) prevented evaluation of meaningful explanatory models for this species of high bycatch concern.
4. Temporal variables (time of day and month) and bird behavioural state helped explain when short-tailed albatrosses were in close proximity to a vessel, but environmental conditions were more important for explaining interaction duration. Laysan albatrosses were more likely to associate with vessels while searching and during the last 60% (by time) of their trips.
5. Our results provide specific species–fisheries insight regarding contributing factors of high-risk associations that could lead to bycatch of albatrosses within national waters and on the high seas.
6. Policy implications. Given the availability of Global Fishing Watch data, our analysis can be applied to other marine predators—if tracking data are available—to identify spatio-temporal patterns, vessel specific attributes and predator behaviours associated with fishing vessel associations, thus enabling predictive modelling and targeted mitigation measures.

中文翻译：

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跨境：外部因素和先前的行为影响北太平洋信天翁与渔船的联系

1. 了解跨越国界和国家管辖范围之外的海洋捕食者和渔业之间的相遇，为不想要的相互作用提供了新的视角，为海洋管理和捕食者保护提供了信息。尽管海鸟与渔业的重叠在许多尺度上都有记载，但由于缺乏船只运动数据，因此对船只相遇的远程识别已经滞后。
2. 在这里，我们揭示了整个北太平洋的信天翁 - 渔业协会。我们使用 Global Fishing Watch 数据和算法来识别商业捕鱼作业，以检测渔船。我们编译成人黑脚的GPS轨迹Phoebastria nigripes和黑背Phoebastria immutabilis信天翁，和少年短尾信天翁Phoebastria albatrus。我们根据鸟类感知船只的假设距离（≤30 公里）以及鸟类接近船只时的关联（≤3 公里）量化信天翁与船只的相遇。对于每个事件，我们量化鸟类行为、环境条件和船只特征，然后应用增强回归树模型来识别驱动因素和这些关联的持续时间。
3. 在捕捞力度较大的地区，与渔船相关的短尾信天翁和莱桑信天翁更为频繁。然而，捕捞方法（例如延绳钓、拖网）和船旗国不影响协会流行率，也不影响短尾信天翁在渔船上的持续时间。莱桑信天翁更有可能接近更长的船只。黑足信天翁最有可能接近船只 (61.9%)，但有限的船只遭遇 ( n  = 21) 阻止了对这种高度兼捕关注的物种的有意义的解释模型的评估。
4. 时间变量（一天和一个月的时间）和鸟类行为状态有助于解释短尾信天翁何时靠近船只，但环境条件对于解释互动持续时间更为重要。Laysan 信天翁更有可能在搜索过程中以及在最后 60%（按时间）的旅行中与船只联系在一起。
5. 我们的研究结果提供了关于高风险关联的促成因素的特定物种 - 渔业见解，这些关联因素可能导致国家水域和公海误捕信天翁。
6. 政策影响。鉴于 Global Fishing Watch 数据的可用性，我们的分析可以应用于其他海洋捕食者——如果跟踪数据可用——以识别与渔船协会相关的时空模式、船只特定属性和捕食者行为，从而实现预测建模和有针对性的缓解措施。