Salinity, which is predominantly an issue for agricultural systems in arid and semi‐arid regions, has the potential to impair grape production and wine quality, and its impact on the grape and wine industries is predicted to increase with climate change. Research on the physiological and molecular changes that occur in salt‐affected vines has unveiled complex osmotic and ionic responses that include oxidative stress, water loss, photoinhibition, growth inhibition and necrosis. Proposed salt tolerance mechanisms include elevated antioxidant production, hydric regulation and salt exclusion from shoots and berries. These later of these mechanisms is found in certain Vitis genotypes that, when grafted as rootstocks, can protect fruit‐bearing scions from accumulating significant amounts of saline ions from soils, most notably through the presence of specific transport proteins that are involved in regulating the transfer of ions from root to shoot via the xylem. Significant gaps in knowledge remain, however, regarding salt tolerance mechanisms for Vitis species, with many mechanisms inferred from other species or documented only at the level of gene expression. A better understanding of the mechanisms that confer salt tolerance in Vitis species is needed to improve the production of new germplasm that is locally adapted and better suited to the challenges of a changing climate. Hence, this review covers the current knowledge on the characteristics that are associated with salt damage and tolerance in grapevine cultivars and rootstocks and highlights possible future avenues that will enable development of new options for the industry to combat salinity.

中文翻译：

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葡萄耐盐性

盐度是干旱和半干旱地区农业系统的主要问题，有可能损害葡萄的产量和葡萄酒的品质，并且随着气候变化，其对葡萄和葡萄酒产业的影响预计会增加。对受盐影响的葡萄藤发生的生理和分子变化的研究揭示了复杂的渗透和离子响应，包括氧化应激，水分流失，光抑制，生长抑制和坏死。拟议的耐盐性机制包括提高抗氧化剂的产生，调节水分以及将芽和浆果中的盐排除在外。这些机制的这些后期部分出现在某些葡萄树中基因型当嫁接成砧木时可以保护果实的接穗免于从土壤中积累大量的盐离子，最显着的是通过特定的转运蛋白的存在，这些蛋白参与调节离子从根部到木质部通过芽的转移。然而，关于葡萄属植物的耐盐性机制在知识上仍存在重大空白，许多机制是从其他物种推断出的或仅在基因表达水平上有记载。更好地了解赋予葡萄耐盐性的机制需要各种物种来改善新种质的生产，这些新种质必须在当地适应并更适合于气候变化带来的挑战。因此，本综述涵盖了有关葡萄品种和砧木中与盐害和耐受性相关的特征的当前知识，并重点介绍了未来可能的途径，这些途径将使该行业能够开发出新的抗盐碱方法。