The generality and drivers of rarity, defined along the axes of geographic range, population size and habitat specificity, have received considerable scientific attention for well over a century. Yet, studies that examine rarity holistically among these three attributes are limited, especially among invertebrate and marine taxa. The perceived paradox of deep-sea species, with often low population size but large geographic ranges, remains poorly resolved and understood. Here I assess seven forms of rarity and their drivers in deep-sea bivalves across the Atlantic Ocean. Rarity appears to be a common trait among deep-sea bivalves, with nearly 85% of the species exhibiting some form of rarity. Bivalves also showed a strong bimodal pattern of very common and very rare species. Geographic range, population size and habitat specificity were all heavily right skewed. Taxonomic superfamilies, body size, energy availability, temperature, depth and latitude, all significantly predicted geographic range, population size and habitat specificity. In a few cases, these patterns were counter to theoretical expectations. The drivers of rarity appear to be predictable from knowledge of the intrinsic biological and extrinsic environmental context of the species. These findings have major implications for deep-sea conversation, especially as anthropogenic threats are increasing.

中文翻译：

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深海分类群中罕见的普遍性

一个多世纪以来，沿地理范围、人口规模和栖息地特殊性的轴定义的稀有性的普遍性和驱动因素受到了相当多的科学关注。然而，在这三个属性中全面检查稀有性的研究是有限的，尤其是在无脊椎动物和海洋类群中。深海物种的感知悖论，通常人口规模小，但地理范围大，仍未得到很好的解决和理解。在这里，我评估了横跨大西洋的深海双壳类动物的七种稀有形式及其驱动因素。稀有性似乎是深海双壳类动物的共同特征，近 85% 的物种表现出某种形式的稀有性。双壳类动物也表现出非常常见和非常稀有物种的强烈双峰模式。地理范围，人口规模和栖息地特异性都严重偏斜。分类超科、体型、能量可用性、温度、深度和纬度，所有这些都显着预测了地理范围、种群规模和栖息地特异性。在少数情况下，这些模式与理论预期背道而驰。稀有性的驱动因素似乎可以从物种内在生物和外在环境背景的知识中预测出来。这些发现对深海对话具有重大意义，尤其是在人为威胁日益增加的情况下。稀有性的驱动因素似乎可以从物种内在生物和外在环境背景的知识中预测出来。这些发现对深海对话具有重大意义，尤其是在人为威胁日益增加的情况下。稀有性的驱动因素似乎可以从物种内在生物和外在环境背景的知识中预测出来。这些发现对深海对话具有重大意义，尤其是在人为威胁日益增加的情况下。