Different designs of receiver correlators and front ends will cause different biases in terms of the pseudorange. In this paper, we present an algorithm to derive GNSS receiver-dependent code biases by estimating an additional code bias for each satellite based on different orbit and clock products and apply the calibrated biases in user positioning. One-month data from 117 globally distributed multi-GNSS experiment stations are selected to analyze the characteristics of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) code biases, including BDS-2 and BDS-3 satellites. It is shown that the BDS code biases on B1I and B3I signals differ by receiver type, receiver model, antenna type, or even unknown factors. The code biases on BDS-2 satellites can reach up to 4 ns from peak to peak, while they are within 2 ns for BDS-3 satellites. The receiver-dependent code biases are calibrated based on the broadcast ephemeris and the precise products. With a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.9, it is demonstrated that the calibrated code biases are in agreement not only among different products, but also with previous result of BDS-2. To validate the effect of the calibrated code biases, we apply them in single point positioning (SPP), precise point positioning (PPP), and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. It is proven that with corrected BDS code biases, SPP users will benefit from an overall improvement of 9.5%, 9.9%, and 27.4% at B1I, B3I, and B1I/B3I ionosphere-free frequencies. For the ionosphere-free based positioning using BDS-3 only, the impact of code biases cannot be ignored. The corrected code biases will accelerate the convergence performance in PPP. For RTK applications, especially for single-frequency users, the fixing rate and ratio values will also improve when the code biases are corrected.

接收机相关器和前端的不同设计将在伪距方面造成不同的偏差。在本文中，我们提出了一种算法，该算法可通过基于不同的轨道和时钟乘积估算每颗卫星的附加代码偏差来导出GNSS接收机相关的代码偏差，并将校正后的偏差应用于用户定位。选择来自117个全球分布的多GNSS实验站的一个月数据，以分析北斗导航卫星系统（BDS）代码偏差的特征，包括BDS-2和BDS-3卫星。结果表明，B1I和B3I信号上的BDS代码偏差会因接收器类型，接收器型号，天线类型甚至未知因素而有所不同。BDS-2卫星上的代码偏差从峰值到峰值可以达到4 ns，而BDS-3卫星的代码偏差在2 ns之内。基于广播星历和精确乘积来校准与接收机有关的代码偏差。在相关系数约为0.9的情况下，证明了校准的代码偏差不仅在不同产品之间一致，而且与BDS-2的先前结果一致。为了验证校准代码偏差的影响，我们将其应用于单点定位（SPP），精确点定位（PPP）和实时运动（RTK）定位。事实证明，通过纠正BDS代码偏差，在无B1I，B3I和B1I / B3I电离层的频率下，SPP用户将受益于9.5％，9.9％和27.4％的总体改善。对于仅使用BDS-3的无电离层定位，不能忽略代码偏差的影响。校正后的代码偏差将加快PPP中的收敛性能。