According to the World Health Organization, development of the COVID-19 vaccine is occurring in record time. Administration of the vaccine has started the same year as the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. The United Nations emphasized the importance of providing COVID-19 vaccines as a global public good, which is accessible and affordable world-wide. Pricing the COVID-19 vaccines is a controversial topic. We use optimization and game theoretic approaches to model the COVID-19 U.S. vaccine market as a duopoly with two manufacturers Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. The results suggest that even in the context of very high production and distribution costs, the government can negotiate prices with the manufacturers to keep public sector prices as low as possible while meeting demand and ensuring each manufacturer earns a target profit. Furthermore, these prices are consistent with those currently predicted in the media.

据世界卫生组织称，COVID-19 疫苗的开发正以创纪录的速度进行。疫苗的管理与 COVID-19 大流行的宣布同年开始。联合国强调了提供 COVID-19 疫苗作为全球公共产品的重要性，这种疫苗在世界范围内都可以获得且负担得起。为 COVID-19 疫苗定价是一个有争议的话题。我们使用优化和博弈论方法将 COVID-19 美国疫苗市场建模为两家制造商 Pfizer-BioNTech 和 Moderna 的双头垄断。结果表明，即使在生产和分销成本非常高的情况下，政府也可以与制造商协商价格，使公共部门的价格尽可能低，同时满足需求并确保每个制造商获得目标利润。此外，