Despite well-established research on the applications of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the American culture, TPB has not been fully tested in the Kenyan culture. This study compared the applications of TPB in predicting smoking intentions (i.e., future and weekend smoking intentions) of Kenyan and American young adults. Data were collected from 252 Kenyans and 227 Americans. The Kenyan participants consisted of 41.7% females with a mean age of 25 years (SD = 4.81). The American participants (49.3% females) had an average age of 19 years (SD = 1.30). Multi-group path analysis was performed to test the equivalence of a TPB-based mediation model in Kenyans and Americans. Significant differences of TPB application were detected. In the American model, smoking consequence beliefs were indirectly associated with smoking intentions through attitudes whereas neither direct nor indirect effects of smoking consequence beliefs were detected in the Kenyan model. Instead, normative beliefs indirectly associated with future and weekend smoking intentions through attitudes and subjective norms in the Kenyan model. Despite some overlapping paths, there were cultural variations on specific associations among TPB constructs between Kenyans and Americans. Cultural adaptations may be needed when applying TPB in the Kenyan cultural context.

中文翻译：

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计划行为理论在预测吸烟意愿中的应用：肯尼亚和美国年轻人的跨文化比较

尽管对计划行为理论（TPB）在美国文化中的应用进行了广泛的研究，但TPB尚未在肯尼亚文化中得到充分测试。这项研究比较了TPB在预测肯尼亚和美国年轻人的吸烟意向（即将来和周末的吸烟意向）中的应用。数据收集自252名肯尼亚人和227名美国人。肯尼亚参与者包括41.7％的女性，平均年龄为25岁（SD  = 4.81）。美国参与者（49.3％的女性）的平均年龄为19岁（SD = 1.30）。进行了多组路径分析，以测试肯尼亚人和美国人中基于TPB的调解模型的等效性。检测到TPB应用的显着差异。在美国模型中，吸烟后果信念通过态度与吸烟意愿间接相关，而在肯尼亚模型中未发现吸烟后果信念的直接或间接影响。相反，通过肯尼亚模式中的态度和主观规范，规范性信念与未来和周末吸烟意愿间接相关。尽管路径有些重叠，但肯尼亚人和美国人之间在TPB结构之间的特定关联仍存在文化差异。在肯尼亚文化背景下应用城规会时，可能需要进行文化适应。