In this study, a material with high photocatalytic activity was synthesized using ternary C/N/S-doped TiO₂ nanorod array (TiO₂); this was done using a practical and straightforward vapor-phase hydrothermal (VPH) method at a low temperature. The effect of C/N/S content on TiO₂ morphology, optical, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PCE) properties of the material was investigated by varying the quality of thiourea. C/N/S-TiO₂ reduced the bonding rate of electron-hole pairs and enhances visible light absorption, photocatalytic, and PCE properties. The C/N/S doping could significantly adjust the absorption cut-off wavelengths (407−602 nm) and shorten the bandgap (3.04−2.18 eV) of TiO₂. Under simulated sunlight, 8-C/N/S-TiO₂ had the highest photocatalytic efficiency of 97.6% for methylene blue (MB) in 150 min with a rate constant of 0.0192 min⁻¹, which is approximately four times that of TiO₂ (0.005 min⁻¹). The 8-C/N/S-TiO₂ photoelectrode had the lowest transfer resistance for interfacial charges and highest transient photocurrent of 33.5 μA/cm², which is five times higher than that of TiO₂ (6.6 μA/cm²). The 8-C/N/S-TiO₂ exhibits the most extensive PCE behavior as a photoelectrode, and has a current density of 38.2 mA/cm² at 2.5V_RHE, which is about two times higher than TiO₂ (19.1 mA/cm²). The favorable sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity is probably due to the synergistic effect of C/N/S-doping, which shifts the valence band maximum of TiO₂ upward. This provides new ideas for future solar cells that can use dye-sensitized TiO₂ nanorod arrays as photoanodes. It is noteworthy that VPH is a very effective strategy for fabricating semiconductors doped with multiple nonmetallic elements.

在这项研究中，使用三元碳/氮/硫掺杂的TiO ₂纳米棒阵列（TiO ₂）合成了具有高光催化活性的材料。这是在低温下使用实用且直接的气相水热（VPH）方法完成的。通过改变硫脲的质量，研究了C / N / S含量对材料的TiO ₂形态，光学，光催化和光电化学（PCE）性能的影响。C / N / S-TiO ₂降低了电子-空穴对的键合速率，并增强了可见光吸收，光催化和PCE性能。C / N / S掺杂可以显着调节TiO ₂的吸收截止波长（407-602  nm）并缩短带隙（3.04-2.18  eV）。在模拟阳光下，8-C / N / S-TiO ₂在150 分钟内对亚甲基蓝（MB）的光催化效率最高，为97.6％，速率常数为0.0192  min ^-1，约为TiO _2的四倍。（0.005 分钟^-1）。8-C / N / S-TiO ₂光电极的界面电荷转移电阻最低，瞬态光电流最高，为33.5μA  / cm ²，是TiO ₂（ 6.6μA/ cm ²）的五倍。8-C / N / S-TiO ₂作为光电极表现出最广泛的PCE行为，并且电流密度为38.2 在2.5V _RHE下的mA / cm ²约为TiO ₂（19.1 mA / cm ²）的两倍。有利的阳光驱动的光催化活性可能是由于C / N / S掺杂的协同效应，它使TiO ₂的价带最大值向上移动。这为可以使用染料敏化的TiO ₂纳米棒阵列作为光阳极的未来太阳能电池提供了新思路。值得注意的是，VPH是制造掺有多种非金属元素的半导体的一种非常有效的策略。