We do not need to and should not have to choose amongst income, consumption, or wealth as the superior measure of well-being. All three individually and jointly determine well-being. We are the first to study inequality in three conjoint dimensions for the same households, using income, consumption, and wealth from the 1989–2016 Surveys of Consumer Finances (SCF). The paper focuses on two questions. What does inequality in two and three dimensions look like? Has inequality in multiple dimensions increased by less, by more, or by about the same as inequality in any one dimension? We find an increase in inequality in two dimensions and in three dimensions, with a faster increase in multi-dimensional inequality than in one-dimensional inequality. Viewing inequality through one dimension greatly understates the level and the growth in inequality in two and three dimensions. The U.S. is becoming more economically unequal than is generally understood.

中文翻译：

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3-D 中的不平等：收入、消费和财富

我们不需要也不应该必须在收入、消费或财富之间做出选择，作为衡量幸福的最佳标准。这三者单独和共同决定幸福感。我们是第一个使用 1989-2016 年消费者财务调查 (SCF) 中的收入、消费和财富来研究同一家庭的三个联合维度的不平等现象。论文主要关注两个问题。二维和三维的不平等是什么样的？多个维度的不平等增加了更少，更多，还是与任何一个维度的不平等几乎相同？我们发现二维和三个维度的不平等增加，多维不平等比一维不平等增加得更快。从一个维度来看不平等大大低估了二维和三个维度的不平等程度和增长。美国在经济上变得比人们普遍理解的更加不平等。