Abstract

Green criminology has stimulated criminological examinations of crimes against wildlife, discussions of nonhuman animals as victims of crime, and expanded conceptualization of animal rights. In recent years, increased attention has been directed toward studies of wildlife crimes, which have primarily been restricted to studying crimes against animals that occur through animal trafficking and poaching. At the same time, empirical studies of the social control of animal crimes, especially against nonwildlife animals, have been neglected. As a result, empirical knowledge concerning how nonwildlife animal laws are enforced and the extent to which they are enforced is lacking. The present study addresses that gap in knowledge by examining the enforcement of two animal protection laws in the US that apply to nonwildlife animals: the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and the Horse Protection Act (HPA). The results indicate that these laws have low enforcement rates, and that the majority of enforcement efforts involve the lowest levels of formal social control available in those statutes. Furthermore, there are relatively few fines for such violations, and when fines are meted out, they tend to be small. Quantitative and qualitative data from 3,719 cases for the years 2010–2014 were employed to assess the extent of, and how the AWA and HPA Acts were enforced in the US. The empirical evidence suggests lack of enforcement of these statutes which, as the qualitative data suggests, involves some serious harm outcomes that were accompanied by rather small penalties.

摘要

绿色犯罪学刺激了对危害野生动植物的犯罪行为的犯罪学检查，对作为犯罪受害者的非人类动物的讨论，以及对动物权利概念的扩大。近年来，人们对野生动植物犯罪的研究给予了越来越多的关注，这些研究主要局限于研究通过贩运和偷猎而发生的针对动物的犯罪。同时，关于动物犯罪，特别是针对非野生动物的社会犯罪控制的经验研究被忽略了。结果，缺乏关于非野生动物法律的执行方式和执行程度的经验知识。本研究通过检查美国两项适用于非野生动物的动物保护法的执行来解决知识上的差距：《动物福利法》（AWA）和《马保护法》（HPA）。结果表明，这些法律的执行率很低，而且大多数执行工作都涉及这些法规中最低的正式社会控制水平。此外，对此类违法行为的罚款相对较少，当罚款被兑现时，它们往往很小。我们采用了2010-2014年间3,719例病例的定量和定性数据，来评估AWA和HPA法案在美国的执行范围和实施方式。经验证据表明，这些法规缺乏执行力，正如定性数据所表明的那样，这些法规涉及一些严重的危害结果，并伴有相当小的处罚。并且大多数执法工作都涉及这些法规中最低级别的正式社会控制。此外，对此类违法行为的罚款相对较少，当罚款被兑现时，它们往往很小。我们采用了2010-2014年间3,719例病例的定量和定性数据，来评估AWA和HPA法案在美国的执行范围和实施方式。经验证据表明，这些法规缺乏执行力，正如定性数据所表明的那样，这些法规涉及一些严重的危害结果，并伴有相当小的处罚。并且大多数执法工作都涉及这些法规中最低级别的正式社会控制。此外，对此类违法行为的罚款相对较少，当罚款被兑现时，它们往往很小。我们采用了2010-2014年间3,719例病例的定量和定性数据，来评估AWA和HPA法案在美国的执行范围和实施方式。经验证据表明，这些法规缺乏执行力，正如定性数据所表明的那样，这些法规涉及一些严重的危害结果，并伴有相当小的处罚。我们采用了2010-2014年间3,719例病例的定量和定性数据，来评估AWA和HPA法案在美国的执行范围和实施方式。经验证据表明，这些法规缺乏执行力，正如定性数据所表明的那样，这些法规涉及一些严重的危害结果，并伴有相当小的处罚。我们采用了2010-2014年间3,719例病例的定量和定性数据，来评估AWA和HPA法案在美国的执行范围和实施方式。经验证据表明，这些法规缺乏执行力，正如定性数据所表明的那样，这些法规涉及一些严重的危害结果，并伴有相当小的处罚。