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A Stackelberg game based two-stage framework to make decisions of freight rate for container shipping lines in the emerging blockchain-based market
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review ( IF 10.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-27 , DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2021.102303
Huiling Zhong , Fa Zhang , Yimiao Gu

To improve the operational efficiency, blockchain technology has been gradually applied into the container shipping industry. As an easier, faster, more efficient platform, blockchain can help to enhance efficiency through digitalizing and easing paperwork. That means, blockchain will make the container shipping market more transparent. Changes in market characteristics will bring a significant problem, how will container shipping lines make decisions in the emerging blockchain-based market? This paper developed a Stackelberg game based two-stage framework to solve the problems. The first stage describes the process of container shipping lines deciding whether to enter the blockchain or not. The second stage describes how container shipping lines decide freight rate in an emerging blockchain-based market. The Cournot game and Stackelberg game are used to solve the second stage model. Spread factor is introduced to reflect the influence of the initial strategy on blockchain strategy. The classical demand function is modified to distinguish the non-blockchain market with more gentle competition from the blockchain market with more intense competition. Numerical experiment is applied to testify this paper. Results show: (1) Entering into the emerging shipping blockchain can be both an opportunity and a challenge for container shipping lines. (2) The ability of filtering function in the low freight rate of shipping blockchain plays a key role in regulating the freight rate and preventing the price war. This paper can provide decision suggestions for shipping lines at the early stage of blockchain introduction.



中文翻译:

基于Stackelberg游戏的两阶段框架,可在新兴的基于区块链的市场中确定集装箱运输线的运费率

为了提高运营效率,区块链技术已逐渐应用于集装箱运输行业。作为一个更轻松,更快,更高效的平台,区块链可以通过数字化和简化文书工作来帮助提高效率。这意味着,区块链将使集装箱运输市场更加透明。市场特征的变化将带来一个重大问题,集装箱航运公司将如何在新兴的基于区块链的市场中做出决策?本文开发了基于Stackelberg游戏的两阶段框架来解决这些问题。第一阶段描述了集装箱运输公司决定是否进入区块链的过程。第二阶段描述了集装箱运输公司如何确定新兴的基于区块链的市场中的运费。使用古诺(Cournot)游戏和Stackelberg游戏来求解第二阶段模型。引入扩散因子以反映初始策略对区块链策略的影响。对经典需求函数进行了修改,以区分竞争更加温和的非区块链市场与竞争更激烈的区块链市场。数值实验证明了本文的正确性。结果表明:(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。引入扩散因子以反映初始策略对区块链策略的影响。对经典需求函数进行了修改,以区分竞争更加温和的非区块链市场与竞争更激烈的区块链市场。数值实验证明了本文的正确性。结果表明:(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。引入扩散因子以反映初始策略对区块链策略的影响。对经典需求函数进行了修改,以区分竞争更加温和的非区块链市场与竞争更激烈的区块链市场。数值实验证明了本文的正确性。结果表明:(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。对经典需求函数进行了修改,以区分竞争较温和的非区块链市场与竞争更激烈的区块链市场。数值实验证明了本文的正确性。结果表明:(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。对经典需求函数进行了修改,以区分竞争更加温和的非区块链市场与竞争更激烈的区块链市场。数值实验证明了本文的正确性。结果表明:(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。(1)进入新兴的航运区块链既是集装箱航运公司的机遇,也是挑战。(2)在低运价的运输区块链中具有过滤功能的能力在调节运价和防止价格战中起着关键作用。本文可以为区块链引入早期阶段的航运公司提供决策建议。

更新日期:2021-03-27
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