1. A fundamental question in macroecology is how contemporary and historical environments, species interactions and evolutionary processes contribute to determining community structure and shape current large‐scale taxa distributions.
2. We used a novel perspective simultaneously considering taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity to elucidate how these factors have shaped regional diversity patterns in composition of Trichoptera (Insecta) at the genus level among 62 mountain stream reaches located across six regions from Morocco to Sweden.
3. The biogeographical range paradigm postulates declining diversity with latitude, but our results showed that taxonomic diversity was unrelated to latitude and local richness was similar in both previously glaciated and unglaciated southern regions. Also, taxonomic β‐diversity across regions was mostly driven by turnover rather than the expected nestedness component. High taxonomic diversity and several indicator genera (i.e. genera characteristic of any specific region) were found in Mediterranean regions, but also in the Carpathians and across central‐eastern Europe.
4. Functional traits revealed phylogenetic trait conservatism. Phylogenetic diversity and functional richness did not decrease with latitude. Phylogenetic structure of central and eastern communities was clustered (i.e. communities composed by closely related genera), whereas south‐western communities were phylogenetically overdispersed (i.e. less closely related than expected by chance).
5. Overall, latitudinal patterns of taxonomic turnover and variable phylogenetic community structure indicate an important role of contemporary ecological conditions in structuring community composition, probably by environmental filtering. However, the signature of biogeographical history is also relevant to understanding the large‐scale distribution of taxa. The permanence of caddisfly communities in temperate regions during Pleistocene glaciations demonstrates the presence of refugia there and, therefore, broadens the spatial extent of refugia beyond Mediterranean areas. This contrasts with theories which placed refugia exclusively in Mediterranean areas.

中文翻译：

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分类学营业额和向北的系统发育聚类揭示了在欧洲范围内构建Trichoptera群落的环境过滤证据。

1. 宏观生态学中的一个基本问题是当代和历史环境，物种相互作用和进化过程如何有助于确定群落结构并塑造当前的大规模生物分类分布。
2. 我们使用新颖的观点同时考虑了生物分类学，功能学和系统发育学的多样性，以阐明这些因素如何在属摩洛哥至瑞典6个地区的62条山stream河流域的属水平上，改变了直翅目（Insecta）组成的区域多样性格局。
3. 生物地理范围范式假定纬度的多样性在下降，但是我们的结果表明，分类学多样性与纬度无关，并且在先前冰川化和未冰川化的南部地区，当地的丰富度相似。同样，跨区域的分类学β多样性主要是由营业额驱动的，而不是预期的嵌套性。在地中海地区，喀尔巴阡山脉以及整个中东欧地区都发现了高分类学多样性和几个指标属（即任何特定区域的属）。
4. 功能性状显示出系统发育性状的保守性。系统发育多样性和功能丰富性并未随纬度降低。中央和东部社区的系统发育结构是聚类的（即由密切相关的属组成的社区），而西南社区的系统发育过分散（即，与偶然发生的关系不那么紧密）。
5. 总体而言，分类学周转的纬度模式和可变的系统发育群落结构表明，可能通过环境过滤，当代生态条件在构建群落组成中起着重要作用。但是，生物地理历史的签名也与理解分类单元的大规模分布有关。在更新世冰川期，温带线虫群落的持久性表明那里存在避难所，因此扩大了避难所的空间范围，超出了地中海地区。这与仅在地中海地区放置避难所的理论形成了鲜明对比。