The abundance and taxonomic composition of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were assessed in paddy soils that had received more than 50 years of fertilization with and without inorganic N. The inorganic N fertilized treatments were: NPK and NPK + CO (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and compost (CO)). The treatments without inorganic N were: CO, PK and control (unfertilized soils). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of the archaeal amoA gene showed no significant changes in AOA abundance following the long-term application of inorganic N fertilizers. However, subsequent analysis of amoA gene sequencing data showed that inorganic N application significantly changed the AOA community composition and alpha diversity indices. Edge principal components analysis (PCA) showed varying contributions of distinct AOA lineages in separating samples according to the fertilization treatment. Addition of inorganic N favoured an increase in the abundance of AOA lineages belonging to Nitrososphaera, and the treatments without inorganic N additions formed a separate cluster dominated by Nitrosotalea lineage. The distinct response of the two AOA lineages points towards different community organization of soil AOA and strongly supports the concept of habitat partitioning in paddy soil ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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长期施用无机氮改变水稻土氨氧化古菌群落组成

氨氧化古菌 (AOA) 的丰度和分类组成在已经接受和不使用无机 N 施肥 50 多年的稻田中进行了评估。 无机 N 施肥处理是：NPK 和 NPK + CO（氮 (N) 、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 和堆肥 (CO))。不含无机氮的处理是：CO、PK 和对照（未施肥的土壤）。古菌amoA基因的定量 PCR (qPCR) 分析显示长期施用无机氮肥后 AOA 丰度没有显着变化。然而，随后对amoA 的分析基因测序数据显示，施用无机氮显着改变了AOA群落组成和α多样性指数。边缘主成分分析 (PCA) 显示不同 AOA 谱系在根据施肥处理分离样品中的不同贡献。添加无机 N 有利于增加属于Nitrososphaera的 AOA 谱系的丰度，而没有添加无机 N 的处理形成了一个由Nitrosotalea谱系主导的独立簇。两个 AOA 谱系的不同反应指向土壤 AOA 的不同群落组织，并强烈支持稻田土壤生态系统中栖息地划分的概念。