This is the first work of a series of thorough studies into the taxonomy and systematics of Carex in South America. Here, we present the systematic placement, biogeographic insights, taxonomic accounts, formal typifications and summarized distributions for the 24 species of Carex subgenus Vignea with androgynous spikes in the continent. We performed a phylogenetic study using the barcode markers ETS, ITS and matK to check the placement of 22 of these species on a previous tree with > 1000 Carex spp. We examined > 600 specimens from 38 herbaria and conducted an exhaustive nomenclatural survey consulting all pertinent literature. South American androgynous species of subgenus Vignea are grouped in seven distinct lineages, corresponding with the same number of inferred colonizations. Most groups seem to have colonized South America during the Plio-Pleistocene, except for species of section Bracteosae, a local radiation that dates back to the Late Miocene. All colonizations by native species seem to have originated from North America. The two putatively introduced taxa are western Palaearctic species. An identification key is provided for the studied species. We make 19 new typifications and a new species (Carex pedicularis) is described.

中文翻译：

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南美洲Carex亚属Vignea（莎草科）的雌雄同株

这是对南美Carex的分类学和系统学进行一系列深入研究的第一份工作。在这里，我们介绍了非洲大陆上雌雄同体尖锐苔藓的Carex亚属Vignea的24种的系统放置，生物地理学见解，分类学说明，形式化分类和汇总分布。我们使用条形码标记ETS，ITS和matK进行了系统发育研究，以检查这些树种中22种在前树上的位置（> 1000 Carex spp）。我们检查了38种草的600多个标本，并参考了所有相关文献进行了详尽的命名调查。南美洲维格尼亚属的雌雄同体种它们被分为七个不同的谱系，对应于相同数量的推断定植。大多数团体似乎上新世至更新世期间已殖民南美，除了部分品种Bracteosae，当地的辐射，可以追溯到晚中新世。所有本土物种的殖民化似乎都起源于北美。推定的两个分类单元是西部古北种。为研究的物种提供了一个识别码。我们进行了19种新的分类，并描述了一个新种（Carex pedicularis）。