The Modern Synthesis has dominated biology for 80 years. It was formulated in 1942, a decade before the major achievements of molecular biology, including the Double Helix and the Central Dogma. When first formulated in the 1950s these discoveries and concepts seemed initially to completely justify the central genetic assumptions of the Modern Synthesis. The Double Helix provided the basis for highly accurate DNA replication, while the Central Dogma was viewed as supporting the Weismann Barrier, so excluding the inheritance of acquired characteristics. This article examines the language of the Modern Synthesis and reveals that it is based on four important misinterpretations of what molecular biology had shown, so forming the basis of the four Illusions: 1. Natural Selection; 2. The Weismann Barrier; 3. The Rejection of Darwin’s Gemmules; 4. The Central Dogma. A multi-level organisation view of biology avoids these illusions through the principle of biological relativity. Molecular biology does not therefore confirm the assumptions of the Modern Synthesis.

现代综合已经在生物学领域占据了80年的历史。它于1942年制定，比分子生物学的主要成就（包括双螺旋和中央教义）要早十年。当在1950年代首次提出这些发现和概念时，它们似乎最初完全证明了现代综合的核心遗传学假设是正确的。“双螺旋”为高度精确的DNA复制提供了基础，而“中央教条”被视为支持韦斯曼屏障，因此不包括获得性特征的遗传。本文研究了“现代综合”的语言，并揭示了它是基于对分子生物学所表现出的四个重要误解，因此构成了四个幻象的基础：1.自然选择； 2.自然选择； 2.自然选择。2.魏斯曼屏障；3.拒绝达尔文的宝石；4，中央教条。生物学的多层次组织观点通过生物学相对性原理避免了这些幻想。因此，分子生物学不能证实现代合成的假设。