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Exploration of the 2016 Yellowstone River fish kill and proliferative kidney disease in wild fish populations
Ecosphere ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-24 , DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3436
Patrick R. Hutchins 1 , Adam J. Sepulveda 1 , Hanna Hartikainen 2 , Ken D. Staigmiller 3 , Scott T. Opitz 4 , Renee M. Yamamoto 5 , Amberly Huttinger 5 , Rick J. Cordes 5 , Tammy Weiss 5 , Lacey R. Hopper 5 , Maureen K. Purcell 6 , Beth Okamura 7
Affiliation  

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is an emerging disease that recently resulted in a large mortality event of salmonids in the Yellowstone River (Montana, USA). Total PKD fish mortalities in the Yellowstone River were estimated in the tens of thousands, which resulted in a multi‐week river closure and an estimated economic loss of US$500,000. This event shocked scientists, managers, and the public, as this was the first occurrence of the disease in the Yellowstone River, the only reported occurrence of the disease in Montana in the past 25 yr, and arguably the largest wild PKD fish kill in the world. To understand why the Yellowstone River fish kill occurred, we used molecular and historical data to evaluate evidence for several hypotheses: Was the causative parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae a novel invader, was the fish kill associated with a unique parasite strain, and/or was the outbreak caused by unprecedented environmental conditions? We found that T. bryosalmonae is widely distributed in Montana and have documented occurrence of this parasite in archived fish collected in the Yellowstone River prior to the fish kill. T. bryosalmonae had minimal phylogeographic population structure, as the DNA of parasites sampled from the Yellowstone River and distant water bodies were very similar. These results suggest that T. bryosalmonae could be endemic in Montana. Due to data limitations, we could not reject the hypothesis that the fish kill was caused by a novel and more virulent genetic strain of the parasite. Finally, we found that single‐year environmental conditions are insufficient to explain the cause of the 2016 Yellowstone River PKD outbreak. Other regional rivers where we documented T. bryosalmonae had similar or even more extreme conditions than the Yellowstone River and similar or more extreme conditions have occurred in the Yellowstone River in the recent past, yet mass PKD mortalities have not been documented in either instance. We conclude by placing these results and unresolved hypotheses into the broader context of international research on T. bryosalmonae and PKD, which strongly suggests that a better understanding of bryozoans, the primary host of T. bryosalmonae, is required for better ecosystem understanding.

中文翻译:

探索2016年黄石河鱼类杀死野生鱼类种群和增生性肾脏疾病

增生性肾脏疾病(PKD)是一种新兴疾病,最近导致黄石河(美国蒙大纳州)的鲑鱼大量死亡。黄石河中PKD鱼类死亡总数估计达数万,这导致多周的河道封闭,估计经济损失为500,000美元。这一事件震惊了科学家,管理人员和公众,因为这是黄石河地区首次发生该病,是过去25年来蒙大纳州唯一报告的该病发生,并且可以说是该州最大的野生PKD鱼死亡事件。世界。为了了解为什么黄石河鱼类被杀,我们使用了分子和历史数据来评估以下几种假设的证据:是造成寄生虫的苔藓小囊藻吗(Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae)是一种新颖的入侵者,鱼的死亡是否与独特的寄生虫菌株相关,和/或疾病爆发是由史无前例的环境条件引起的?我们发现褐藻丁香假单胞菌广泛分布于蒙大拿州,并记录了这种寄生虫在鱼被杀死之前在黄石河中收集的存档鱼中的发生。苔藓沙门氏菌的系统种群结构极少,因为从黄石河和远处水体采集的寄生虫的DNA非常相似。这些结果表明,T。bryosalmonae在蒙大拿州可能是地方病。由于数据的限制,我们不能拒绝这样的假说,即鱼类死亡是由一种新颖且更具毒性的寄生虫遗传株引起的。最后,我们发现仅一年的环境条件不足以解释2016年黄石河PKD爆发的原因。我们记录到的T. bryosalmonae的其他区域性河流的状况与黄石河类似或什至更为极端,最近在黄石河中也发生了类似或更严重的状况,但是在这两种情况下均未记录到大量的PKD死亡率。最后,我们将这些结果和未解决的假设置于国际上关于苔藓沙门氏菌研究的广泛背景中PKD和PKD强烈建议需要更好地了解苔藓假单胞菌的主要寄主-苔藓虫,以便更好地了解生态系统。
更新日期:2021-03-25
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