This work presents the viability of passive eccrine sweat as a functional biofluid toward tracking the human body's inflammatory response. Cytokines are biomarkers that orchestrate the manifestation and progression of an infection/inflammatory event. Hence, noninvasive, real-time monitoring of cytokines can be pivotal in assessing the progression of infection/inflammatory event, which may be feasible through monitoring of host immune markers in eccrine sweat. This work is the first experimental proof demonstrating the ability to detect inflammation/infection such as fever, FLU directly from passively expressed sweat in human subjects using a wearable “SWEATSENSER” device. The developed SWEATSENSER device demonstrates stable, real-time monitoring of inflammatory cytokines in passive sweat. An accuracy of >90% and specificity >95% was achieved using SWEATSENSER for a panel of cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α) over an analytical range of 0.2–200 pg mL⁻¹. The SWEATSENSER demonstrated a correlation of Pearson's r > 0.98 for the study biomarkers in a cohort of 26 subjects when correlated with standard reference method. Comparable IL-8 levels (2–15 pg mL⁻¹) between systemic circulation (serum) and eccrine sweat through clinical studies in a cohort of 15 subjects, and the ability to distinguish healthy and sick (infection) cohort using inflammatory cytokines in sweat provides pioneering evidence of the SWEATSENSER technology for noninvasive tracking of host immune response biomarkers. Such a wearable device can offer significant strides in improving prognosis and provide personalized therapeutic treatment for several inflammatory/infectious diseases.

中文翻译：

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被动表达汗液中细胞因子的时间分析，用于使用可穿戴设备检测感染

这项工作展示了被动外分泌汗作为一种功能性生物流体追踪人体炎症反应的可行性。细胞因子是协调感染/炎症事件的表现和进展的生物标志物。因此，细胞因子的无创实时监测对于评估感染/炎症事件的进展至关重要，这可能通过监测外分泌汗中的宿主免疫标志物来实现。这项工作是第一个实验证明，它证明了使用可穿戴“SWEATSENSER”设备直接从人类受试者被动表达的汗液中检测炎症/感染（如发烧、流感）的能力。开发的 SWEATSENSER 设备可以稳定、实时地监测被动汗液中的炎性细胞因子。>90% 的准确度和特异性 >^-1。SWEATSENSER 在与标准参考方法相关时，在 26 名受试者的队列中证明了 Pearson's r > 0.98 的相关性。通过对 15 名受试者进行的临床研究，系统循环（血清）和外分泌汗液之间的IL-8 水平相当（2-15 pg mL ^-1），以及使用汗液中的炎性细胞因子区分健康和患病（感染）队列的能力提供了 SWEATSENSER 技术的开创性证据，用于无创追踪宿主免疫反应生物标志物。这种可穿戴设备可以在改善预后方面取得重大进展，并为多种炎症/传染病提供个性化的治疗。