Vitamin D insufficiency and child antisocial behavior are public health concerns. It is unknown whether vitamin D plays a role in antisocial outcomes. This study examines whether higher levels of vitamin D can act as a protective factor against antisocial behavior for children who are exposed to early social adversity.

In a community sample of 300 children aged 11–12 years (151 females, 149 males), serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were assessed alongside early social adversity, and both parent and child-reported antisocial behavior.

Vitamin D moderated the association between early social adversity and multiple antisocial outcomes. Higher social adversity was associated with greater antisocial behavior among vitamin D-insufficient [25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL], but not vitamin D-sufficient children [25(OH)D ⩾ 30 ng/mL], after adjusting for other variables. Results from child reports of antisocial behavior were replicated with parent reports, providing support for the robustness of the findings. At serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 27.16–30.69 ng/mL (close to 30 ng/mL, the recommended optimal vitamin D level for pediatric populations), the effect of social adversity on antisocial behavior outcomes was nullified.

To our knowledge, this study is the first to document that a nutritional factor, vitamin D, can potentially confer resilience to antisocial behavior. Our findings in a pediatric population suggest a possible role of vitamin D supplementation in interventions to reduce antisocial behavior, which may be further investigated in future randomized controlled trials.

维生素 D 不足和儿童反社会行为是公共卫生问题。尚不清楚维生素 D 是否在反社会结果中起作用。这项研究检验了较高水平的维生素 D 是否可以作为早期暴露于社会逆境的儿童的反社会行为的保护因素。

在 300 名 11-12 岁儿童（151 名女性，149 名男性）的社区样本中，评估了 25-羟基维生素 D [25(OH)D] 的血清浓度以及早期社会逆境，以及父母和儿童报告的反社会行为.

维生素 D 调节了早期社会逆境与多种反社会结果之间的关联。在调整了其他变量。儿童反社会行为报告的结果与家长报告重复，为调查结果的稳健性提供了支持。当血清 25(OH)D 浓度高于 27.16–30.69 ng/mL（接近 30 ng/mL，为儿科人群推荐的最佳维生素 D 水平）时，社会逆境对反社会行为结果的影响被抵消。

据我们所知，这项研究是第一个证明营养因素维生素 D 可以潜在地赋予反社会行为弹性的研究。我们在儿科人群中的研究结果表明，维生素 D 补充剂可能在减少反社会行为的干预措施中发挥作用，这可能会在未来的随机对照试验中进一步研究。