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Immunohistochemistry as a paramount tool in research of normal urothelium, bladder cancer and bladder pain syndrome
European Journal of Histochemistry ( IF 2 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-24 , DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3242
Daša Zupančič 1 , Rok Romih 1
Affiliation  

The urothelium, an epithelium of the urinary bladder, primarily functions as blood-urine permeability barrier. The urothelium has a very slow turn-over under normal conditions but is capable of extremely fast response to injury. During regeneration urothelium either restores normal function or undergoes altered differentiation pathways, the latter being the cause of several bladder diseases. In this review, we describe the structure of the apical plasma membrane that enables barrier function, the role of urothelium specific proteins uroplakins and the machinery for polarized membrane transports in terminally differentiated superficial umbrella cells. We address key markers, such as keratins, cancer stem cell markers, retinoic acid signalling pathway proteins and transient receptor potential channels and purinergic receptors that drive normal and altered differentiation in bladder cancer and bladder pain syndrome. Finally, we discuss uncertainties regarding research, diagnosis and treatment of bladder pain syndrome. Throughout the review, we emphasise the contribution of immunohistochemistry in advancing our understanding of processes in normal and diseased bladder as well as the most promising possibilities for improved bladder cancer and bladder pain syndrome management.



中文翻译:

免疫组织化学作为研究正常尿路上皮、膀胱癌和膀胱疼痛综合征的重要工具

尿路上皮是膀胱的上皮,主要起血尿渗透屏障的作用。尿路上皮在正常情况下的周转非常缓慢,但能够对损伤做出极快的反应。在再生过程中,尿路上皮要么恢复正常功能,要么经历改变的分化途径,后者是几种膀胱疾病的原因。在这篇综述中,我们描述了具有屏障功能的顶端质膜的结构、尿路上皮特异性蛋白 uroplakins 的作用以及在终末分化的表层伞细胞中极化膜转运的机制。我们处理关键标志物,例如角蛋白、癌症干细胞标志物、视黄酸信号通路蛋白和瞬时受体电位通道以及推动膀胱癌和膀胱疼痛综合征正常和改变分化的嘌呤能受体。最后,我们讨论有关膀胱疼痛综合征研究、诊断和治疗的不确定性。在整个审查过程中,我们强调免疫组织化学在促进我们对正常和患病膀胱过程的理解以及改善膀胱癌和膀胱疼痛综合征管理的最有希望的可能性方面的贡献。

更新日期:2021-03-24
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