The correct scientific identification of the plant material is crucial to the safety and efficacy of herbal products. Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don, a pharmaceutically prized medicinal plant species endemic to the Himalaya, has been recently subjected to large-scale extraction in the wild due to increasing market demand. Consequently, adulteration and/or substitution of the traded material of T. govanianum with closely-related plants such as Paris polyphylla Sm. has become a quality control problem for the herbal industry. Therefore the present study aimed to (i) develop a reference DNA barcode of T. govanianum and its potent adulterant P. polyphylla for correct identification, (ii) and check adulteration of market samples of T. govanianum. Reference DNA barcode library of T. govanianum and P. polyphylla was successfully established, using Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), Maturase K (matK), chloroplast intergenic spacer (trnH-psbA), and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) regions. The ITS, matK and trnH-psbA were found to be ideal reference barcodes for T. govanianum, while ITS and trnH-psbA were suitable for P. polyphylla. All the trade samples (i.e. dried rhizomes), investigated during the present study, got putatively identified with the respective reference barcodes; and thereby indicating the ITS and trnH-psbA regions as the potential DNA barcodes for the identification of the trade samples/adulterants. The ITS region showed the highest mean intra- and inter-specific distances, which proves its high efficiency in differentiating closely related species. Phylogenetic trees were also constructed following the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, based on ITS, rbcL, and trnH-PsbA regions of Trillium and Paris species, which distinguished Trillium species from those of Paris. The availability of a novel DNA barcode for this important medicinal plant species will be helpful for correct identification of its raw plant material, checking illegal trade, and to regulate its sustainable collection from the natural habitats.

对植物材料进行正确的科学鉴定对草药产品的安全性和有效性至关重要。延龄草govanianum墙。ex D. Don是喜马拉雅山特有的药用珍贵药用植物，由于市场需求的增加，最近在野外进行了大规模提取。因此，用紧密相关的植物，例如巴黎多叶植物Sm。，掺假和/或用普通植物代替了贸易的T. govanianum。已经成为草药行业的质量控制问题。因此，本研究旨在（i）开发一种反义的毛孢锥虫及其强大的掺假多毛假单胞菌DNA条码。为了正确识别，（ii）并检查了戈氏锥虫市场样本的掺假。的参照DNA文库条形码T. govanianum和P.一枝成功建立，使用内转录间隔区（ITS），成熟酶K（matK序列），叶绿体基因间隔（trnH序列-psbA启动），核酮糖和二磷酸羧化酶（rbcL基因）区域。的ITS，matK序列和trnH序列-psbA的被发现是用于理想基准条形码T. govanianum，而ITS和trnH序列-psbA启动均适宜P.一枝。在本研究中调查的所有贸易样品（即干燥的根茎），均已假定与相应的参考条形码进行了识别；从而将ITS和trnH-psbA区域指示为潜在的DNA条形码，用于识别贸易样品/掺假物。ITS区域的种内和种间平均距离最高，这证明了它在区分密切相关物种方面的高效性。根据延龄草和巴黎物种的ITS，rbcL和trnH-PsbA区，还按照邻居联接（NJ）方法构建了系统发育树，从而将延龄草物种与延龄草物种区别开来。巴黎。这种重要药用植物物种的新型DNA条码的可用性将有助于正确识别其原始植物材料，检查非法贸易并规范其从自然栖息地的可持续采集。