The aim of the study was to assess human norovirus and feline calicivirus (FCV) surface free energy, hydrophobicity, and ability to interact with fresh foods and food-contact surfaces. Virus-like particles (VLPs) of human norovirus (GI.1 and GII.4) and FCV were produced, purified, and analyzed for their surface free energy, hydrophobicity, and the total interfacial free energy of interaction \({(\Delta G}^{\mathrm{IF}})\) with lettuce, strawberry, polyethylene, and stainless steel. GII.4 VLPs were further tested for adhesion at different pH, ionic strengths, and temperature. All the VLPs and the test materials showed low surface energies, as well as hydrophobic characters except for GI.1. Nearly all \({\Delta G}^{\mathrm{IF}}\) values were propitious for spontaneous adhesion. GII.4 VLPs adsorbed almost indifferently to stainless steel, polyethylene, and lettuce. Isoelectric point and high temperature generally promoted adhesion while ionic strength effect was surface-dependant. According to this study, all the materials assessed are of low-energy and hydrophobic nature except GI.1 VLPs. Interfacial free energies of interaction were favorable for spontaneous adhesion (\({\Delta G}_{132}^{\mathrm{IF}}\) < 0) of all VLPs to the test materials, except for GI.1 VLPs to both stainless steel and straweberry. It is also found that norovirus adhesion is more sensitive to physicochemical conditions than to surface character itself.

该研究的目的是评估人类诺如病毒和猫杯状病毒 (FCV) 的表面自由能、疏水性以及与新鲜食品和食品接触表面相互作用的能力。生产、纯化人类诺如病毒（GI.1 和 GII.4）和 FCV 的病毒样颗粒 (VLP) 并分析它们的表面自由能、疏水性和相互作用的总界面自由能\({(\Delta G}^{\mathrm{IF}})\)与生菜、草莓、聚乙烯和不锈钢。进一步测试 GII.4 VLP 在不同 pH、离子强度和温度下的粘附性。除 GI.1 外，所有 VLP 和测试材料均显示出低表面能和疏水特性。几乎所有的\({\Delta G}^{\mathrm{IF}}\)值有利于自发粘附。GII.4 VLP 对不锈钢、聚乙烯和生菜的吸附几乎没有差别。等电点和高温通常会促进粘附，而离子强度效应取决于表面。根据这项研究，除 GI.1 VLP 外，所有评估的材料都具有低能量和疏水性。相互作用的界面自由能有利于所有 VLP 与测试材料的自发粘附 ( \({\Delta G}_{132}^{\mathrm{IF}}\) < 0)，GI.1 VLP 除外不锈钢和草莓。还发现诺如病毒粘附对物理化学条件比对表面特征本身更敏感。