The increasing penetration of proactive agents in electric power distribution systems calls for mechanisms to coordinate their trading activities. The commonly employed centralized and distributed methods for supply-demand coordination are not only limited by hardware requirements but also restrictive for active participation of the market agents. This paper proposes a novel decentralized transactive coordination framework that allows participants to bid and clear transactions via a bilateral interaction process. The framework is based on 1) power consumption flexibility individually reported by demand agents using model-predictive control, 2) bilateral supply-side bidding individually determined by the supply agents using a Markowitz Portfolio Optimization model, and 3) individual simultaneous clearing of transactions by demand agents based on second-price sealed-bid auctions. The suppliers bid in the market to achieve desired returns while minimizing their risks. The demand agents harness their demand flexibility by competitively clearing the supplier bids. Unlike traditional approaches, the proposed framework does not require master nodes to orchestrate transactions and, therefore, facilitates massive participation of market agents. Simulation cases demonstrate that the proposed framework successfully performs the market function for bilateral transactions among thousands of proactive agents.

中文翻译：

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配电系统中灵活资源的分散式有功电能

主动代理在配电系统中的渗透率不断提高，因此需要建立机制来协调其交易活动。常用的集中式和分布式的供需协调方法不仅受到硬件要求的限制，而且还限制了市场代理商的积极参与。本文提出了一种新颖的分散式交易协调框架，该框架允许参与者通过双边交互过程来竞标和清算交易。该框架基于：1）需求代理商使用模型预测控制分别报告的功耗灵活性； 2）供应商使用Markowitz投资组合优化模型分别确定的双边供应方出价；3）需求代理商根据第二价格的密封竞标拍卖同时进行个人清算。供应商在市场上竞标以获得期望的回报，同时最大程度地降低风险。需求代理通过竞争性地清除供应商投标来利用其需求灵活性。与传统方法不同，建议的框架不需要主节点来编排交易，因此可以促进市场代理商的大量参与。仿真案例表明，所提出的框架成功地为成千上万的主动代理人之间的双边交易执行了市场功能。与传统方法不同，建议的框架不需要主节点来编排交易，因此可以促进市场代理商的大量参与。仿真案例表明，所提出的框架成功地为成千上万的主动代理人之间的双边交易执行了市场功能。与传统方法不同，建议的框架不需要主节点来编排交易，因此可以促进市场代理商的大量参与。仿真案例表明，所提出的框架成功地执行了数千个主动代理之间的双边交易的市场功能。