The fight against fraud is highly demanding because research needs to adapt constantly to solve new specific problems, created by the endless fantasy of fraudsters to deceive consumers with the aim of increasing their economic profit. Customs laboratories need to have access to versatile technologies able to address different analytical questions, that allow fast analysis, if possible on-site, and that does not require highly qualified staff. Energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy hardly requires any sample treatment, does not require the use of environmentally unfriendly reagents, can be applied to the multi-elemental characterisation of many different matrices using the same calibration curves, and can be used by not specialised staff on-site, using hand-held devices. In this work, the potential of the technique to authenticate products based on their geographical origin, botanical variety, manufacturing processes, and some intrinsic characteristics such as those left by organic and conventional agriculture, is demonstrated.

打击欺诈的要求非常苛刻，因为研究需要不断适应以解决新的特定问题，这是由欺诈者无休止的幻想所引起的，目的是欺骗消费者以增加他们的经济利润。海关实验室需要获得能够解决不同分析问题的通用技术，并允许在可能的情况下进行快速分析，并且不需要高素质的人员。能量色散X射线荧光光谱法几乎不需要任何样品处理，不需要使用对环境有害的试剂，可以使用相同的校准曲线应用于许多不同基质的多元素表征，并且可以由非专业人员使用现场，使用手持设备。在这项工作中，