Auxin response factors (ARFs) influence plant growth and development via the coupling of basic biological processes. However, the evolution, expansion, and regulatory mechanisms of ARFs in the domesticated crop quinoa after artificial selection remain elusive. In this study, we systematically identified 30 Chenopodium quinoa ARFs (CqARFs). In this typical domesticated crop, ARFs divided into three subfamilies are subjected to strong purification selection and have a highly conserved evolutionary pattern. Polyploidy is the primary reason for the expansion of the ARF family after quinoa domestication. The expression patterns of CqARFs in different tissues have been differentiated, and CqARF2, 5, 9 and 10 from class A have the characteristics of local heterogeneous expression in different regions of roots, which may be the key factors for crops to respond in complex environments. Overall, we examined the evolution and expansion of ARFs in representative domesticated crops using the genome, transcriptome, and molecular biology and discovered a class A ARF-centered heterogeneous expression network that played an important role in auxin signaling and environmental responses. We provide new insights into how ARFs promote domesticated crop adaptation to artificial selection by polyploid expansion.

生长素反应因子 (ARF) 通过基本生物过程的耦合影响植物生长和发育。然而，人工选择后驯化作物藜麦中ARF的进化、扩展和调控机制仍然难以捉摸。在这项研究中，我们系统地鉴定了 30 种藜麦 ARFs ( CqARFs )。在这种典型的驯化作物中，ARFs分为三个亚科，经过强烈的纯化选择，具有高度保守的进化模式。多倍体是藜麦驯化后 ARF 家族扩大的主要原因。CqARFs在不同组织中的表达模式已经分化，CqARF2，5，9和10从类A具有本地异源表达的特征根的不同区域，其可以是用于作物在复杂环境中响应的关键因素。总体而言，我们使用基因组、转录组和分子生物学研究了代表性驯化作物中ARF的进化和扩展，并发现了一个以 A 类ARF 为中心的异质表达网络，该网络在生长素信号传导和环境响应中起重要作用。我们提供了关于ARF如何通过多倍体扩展促进驯化作物适应人工选择的新见解。