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Nest cavity reuse by the cooperatively breeding Acorn Woodpecker
The Auk ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-06 , DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukaa088
Walter D Koenig 1, 2 , Eve M Hallock 1 , David J Weber 1 , Eric L Walters 3
Affiliation  

Although primary cavity-nesting species are capable of excavating new cavities, they often reuse old ones. To determine potential factors driving such reuse, we studied nest-cavity reuse in the Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), a cooperatively breeding species that reuses old cavities for 57.2% of nests at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California, USA. We found no evidence for significant fitness costs or benefits of cavity reuse compared to using newly constructed cavities. In contrast, several lines of evidence supported a role for constraints on both cavity reuse and on new cavity construction. The main constraint on reuse was cavities failing to survive from one year to the next, usually because the limb fell apart, filled with water, or was usurped by another species. Evidence that constraints on new cavity construction may be important included more frequent cavity reuse when groups renested and use of artificial cavities when they were experimentally provided. Nest-cavity reuse in this population appears to be driven primarily by constraints, including the energetic costs and time required to excavate a new cavity, rather than fitness consequences, even though Acorn Woodpeckers regularly excavate small holes in trees for acorn storage and the energetic costs of new cavity construction are apparently insufficient to significantly depress reproductive success. Constraints play a significant role in cavity reuse and may affect both the intraspecific and interspecific frequency of cavity reuse among facultative excavating species.

中文翻译:

合作养殖橡子啄木鸟的巢穴再利用

尽管主要的巢穴物种能够挖掘新的洞穴,但它们通常会重复使用旧的洞穴。为了确定推动这种再利用的潜在因素,我们研究了橡子啄木鸟 (Melanerpes formicivorus) 的巢穴再利用,这是一种合作繁殖的物种,在美国加利福尼亚州中部沿海的黑斯廷斯保护区,57.2% 的巢穴重复利用了旧巢穴。与使用新建的空腔相比,我们没有发现空腔重复使用的显着健身成本或收益的证据。相比之下,有几条证据支持限制腔重复使用和新腔构造的作用。重复使用的主要限制是蛀牙无法从一年到下一年存活,通常是因为肢体分崩离析、充满水或被其他物种篡夺。对新空腔构造的限制可能很重要的证据包括,当小组重新嵌套时更频繁地重复使用空腔,以及在实验提供人工空腔时使用人工空腔。尽管橡果啄木鸟经常在树上挖掘小洞来储存橡子和能源成本,但在这一种群中重复使用巢穴似乎主要是由限制因素驱动的,包括挖掘新巢穴所需的能源成本和时间,而不是健康后果新的腔结构显然不足以显着抑制繁殖成功。约束在腔重复使用中起着重要作用,并且可能影响兼性挖掘物种中腔重复使用的种内和种间频率。
更新日期:2021-05-06
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