In 442 of Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein criticises the application of Russell's theory of descriptions to the sentence in the title without mentioning Russell or his theory. Wittgenstein is making a general point of wider interest. I have two aims. The first is to situate Wittgenstein's critique within the larger theoretical setting of Russell's theory of descriptions and Frege's theory of indirect reference in light of the familiar problem of quantifying into attitude contexts. The second is to draw broader methodological implications from the foregoing for how best to think of the role of individual semantic paraphrases within the formal semantic study of natural language.

中文翻译：

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“爆炸声没有我预期的那么响”

在《哲学研究》的 442 篇中，维特根斯坦批评了将罗素的描述理论应用于标题中的句子，而没有提及罗素或他的理论。维特根斯坦提出了一个引起广泛关注的普遍观点。我有两个目标。第一个是将维特根斯坦的批评置于罗素的描述理论和弗雷格的间接指称理论的更大的理论环境中，并根据熟悉的量化成态度语境的问题。第二个是从前述内容中得出更广泛的方法论含义，以了解如何最好地考虑单个语义释义在自然语言的形式语义研究中的作用。