The modern use of clandestine tunnels has antagonized military and law enforcement agencies alike over the past 50 years, not only in their simplicity and effectiveness, but also in the challenges of defending against them. Likewise, geophysicists have been confounded, finding what should be a straightforward target on paper — detecting an anomaly with often vastly different physical properties than its surroundings — a much more difficult task than models would suggest. We have evaluated half a century of applied seismic investigation, gaining a history of the use of active seismic methods to detect subterranean tunnels in war zones, along borders, and around facility perimeters. Previously published studies using a variety of seismic methods such as reflection, refraction, surface waves, diffraction, resonance, and full-waveform inversion were aggregated to serve as a reference for void and tunnel detection-related research and to show the progression of the methods used over time.

中文翻译：

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隧道的历史并使用主动地震方法进行查找

在过去的50年中，对秘密隧道的现代化使用已使军事和执法机构倍感恼火，不仅因为其简单性和有效性，而且还面临着防御难题。同样，地球物理学家也感到困惑，发现在纸上应该是一个直接的目标-检测通常与周围环境物理特性差异极大的异常-比模型建议的难度要大得多。我们已经评估了半个世纪的应用地震调查，获得了使用主动地震方法来检测战区，边界和设施范围内地下隧道的历史。以前发表的研究使用各种地震方法，例如反射，折射，表面波，衍射，共振，