Reviewed by:

• "Americans and the Holocaust"
• Rachel Deblinger (bio)

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's (USHMM) online exhibit "Americans and the Holocaust" (https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust) offers visitors multiple ways to interact with and understand how Americans (and America) responded to the rise of Nazism and the mass murder of Jews across Europe. The website is a companion to the museum's current exhibition, which opened in 2018 and remains scheduled to travel to fifty libraries across the country through 2022. The online form of the exhibit is particularly significant during this period of museum closures and travel restrictions when visitors are unable to see the exhibit at the USHMM. But, even in the best of times, the online exhibit allows those who are not able to travel to the museum to explore why Americans did not prioritize saving Jews through multiple digital modules. Users explore: 1) a timeline that orients the central exhibit; 2) four pedagogical modules; 3) two micro-exhibits focused on 'Public Opinion" and "Nazism in the News"; 4) stories of individuals organized to highlight four different perspectives ("Americans Who Dared," "In Danger," "Political Voices," and "Public Voices"); and 5) three interactive pop-out sections focused on refugees and public opinion.

Unlike physical exhibits that steer visitors through a carefully curated museum space, online exhibits enable users to explore non-linearly. Users can jump between modules or into thematic sections by navigating the main menu. As users choose their own adventure, they may lose some historical context. But they may also dive deeply into what interests them most. Like any other part of the Internet, exhibit visitors can keep clicking, connecting the exhibit to the broader USHMM website and encyclopedia, creating their own network of knowledge.

Even in its disaggregated form, the exhibit contextualizes knowledge about Nazism and Jewish persecution as Americans encountered it at the time. As such, the exhibit illustrates the pressures and challenges Americans faced at home and acknowledges the competing political, cultural, and philanthropic priorities that informed the responses waged by American politicians, Jewish leaders, and individuals. This approach provides a framework for thinking about how public discourse shapes contemporary responses to mass violence and displacement around the globe. [End Page 58]

The relevance of this history is particularly evident to online audiences. Read from within a web browser, the exhibit may be only one tab away from breaking news or a social media feed documenting the greatest refugee crisis since World War II. Despite the museum's June 24, 2019 press release asserting that the museum "unequivocally rejects efforts to create analogies between the Holocaust and other events, whether historical or contemporary," the exhibit curators seem to have intended exactly this kind of analogous thinking. In the first of four pedagogical modules, teachers are encouraged to use the exhibit in classrooms so that "students will reflect upon the questions that this history raises about the potential for individual action and America's role in the world." In fact, the exhibit pushes all visitors to reflect in this way by detailing how decisions about immigration get made, the repercussions of those decisions on individual lives, and the role of the news in fueling public interest that can inspire not only individual action, but also structural change.

By integrating well-known Holocaust events with events and themes in American history, the exhibit leads visitors to recognize that hatred and legal discrimination were not just foreign realities. Jewish stores were boycotted and Jews assaulted in German streets at the same time that African Americans were lynched in the American south, and widespread labor disputes and racial tension led to public rallies and demonstrations across the United States. When the reality of American Nazism is told alongside images from Japanese internment camps, viewers are reminded that the United States government also accused citizens of being enemies and denied them their rights.

Similarly, the exhibit integrates individual and national narratives so visitors understand how Americans acted to save European Jews. While scholars continue to debate the question of why the Roosevelt administration did not do more to intercede for Jews in...

审核人：

• “美国人与大屠杀”
• 雷切尔·迪布林格（生物）

美国大屠杀纪念馆（USHMM）在线展览“美国人与大屠杀”（https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust）为游客提供了多种与美国人互动的方式，并了解美国人（和美国） ）对纳粹主义的兴起以及整个欧洲对犹太人的大屠杀做出了回应。该网站是博物馆本次展览的伴侣，该展览于2018年开放，到2022年仍计划在全国50个图书馆中巡回展出。在博物馆关闭和游客访问受限的这段时间内，展览的在线形式特别重要。无法在USHMM上看到展览。但是，即使在最好的时候，通过在线展览，那些无法前往博物馆的人可以探索为什么美国人没有优先考虑通过多个数字模块拯救犹太人的原因。用户探索：1）安排中央展览的时间表；2）四个教学模块；3）两个针对“民意”和“新闻中的纳粹主义”的微型展览； 4）组织起来的个人故事，以突出四种不同的观点（“敢于冒险的美国人”，“处于危险中”，“政治声音”和“公众之声”）；和5）三个针对难民和公众舆论的互动弹出部分。4）组织起来突出四个不同观点的个人故事（“敢于冒险的美国人”，“处于危险中”，“政治声音”和“公共声音”）；5）三个交互式弹出窗口，重点关注难民和公众舆论。4）组织起来突出四个不同观点的个人故事（“敢于冒险的美国人”，“处于危险中”，“政治声音”和“公共声音”）；5）三个交互式弹出窗口，重点关注难民和公众舆论。

与引导参观者经过精心策划的博物馆空间的实体展览不同，在线展览使用户能够进行非线性探索。用户可以通过导航主菜单在模块之间跳转或进入主题部分。当用户选择自己的冒险时，他们可能会失去一些历史背景。但是他们也可能会深入研究他们最感兴趣的东西。与Internet的其他任何部分一样，展览访问者可以继续单击，将展览与更广泛的USHMM网站和百科全书联系起来，从而创建自己的知识网络。

展览即使以分解形式出现，也将当时美国人对纳粹主义和犹太人迫害的知识进行了背景介绍。这样，展览展示了美国人在国内面临的压力和挑战，并承认竞争激烈的政治，文化和慈善优先事项为美国政客，犹太领导人和个人的回应提供了信息。这种方法为思考公共话语如何塑造当代对全球暴力和流离失所的反应提供了一个框架。[完第58页]

这段历史的相关性对于在线受众尤为明显。从网络浏览器中读取信息，展览可能距离新闻或社交媒体提要仅一个标签，而新闻或社交媒体提要记录了自第二次世界大战以来最大的难民危机。尽管该博物馆在2019年6月24日的新闻稿中断言该博物馆“毫不含糊地拒绝在大屠杀与其他事件（无论是历史事件还是当代事件）之间建立类比的努力，”但展览的策展人似乎恰恰打算采用这种类比的思想。在四个教学单元的第一个单元中，鼓励教师在教室中使用展览，以便“学生将反思这段历史提出的有关个人行动的可能性和美国在世界上的角色的问题。” 实际上，

通过将著名的大屠杀事件与美国历史上的事件和主题相结合，展览使参观者认识到仇恨和法律歧视不仅仅是外国现实。非洲裔美国人在美国南部私处私刑的同时，犹太人商店被抵制，犹太人在德国街头遭到袭击，广泛的劳资纠纷和种族紧张局势导致全美国的公众集会和示威游行。当将日本纳粹主义的真实性与日本拘留所的图像一起讲述时，提醒观众的是，美国政府还指责公民是敌人，并剥夺了他们的权利。

同样，展览融合了个人和国家的叙述，因此参观者了解美国人如何拯救欧洲犹太人。尽管学者们仍在争论为什么罗斯福政府不做更多事情来为犹太人代祷...