Abstract

There have been two parallel views regarding the role of voting in deliberation. The first is that deliberation before the fabrication of balloting was completely devoid of voting. The second is that voting is not just part of deliberation, but is standard to deliberation. I argue in this article that neither of these views is correct. Implicit voting has always existed across time and space but only as a last resort in the event of a failure of natural unanimity. What is relatively modern is the establishment of what I call explicit voting; namely, balloting, outside deliberation and often without deliberation. I also distinguish between natural and artificial unanimities, and clarify that artificial unanimities are products of implicit voting. I demonstrate these clarifications with some examples of deliberation. I deploy these clarifications to rid a certain debate of confusion regarding the precise role of voting in consensual deliberation.

摘要

关于投票在审议中的作用，有两种平行的观点。一是造票前的审议完全没有投票。第二，投票不仅是审议的一部分，而且是审议的标准。我在这篇文章中认为这两种观点都不正确。隐式投票一直存在于时间和空间中，但仅作为自然一致失败时的最后手段。相对现代的是建立我所说的显式投票；即投票、在外商议，而且往往未经商议。我还区分了自然一致和人为一致，并阐明人为一致是隐性投票的产物。我用一些审议的例子来证明这些澄清。