Oxide scale exfoliation is a major concern in fossil fuel power generation because it can cause tube blockages and erode valves and steam turbine components downstream. There is still considerable scientific and commercial interest to improve the mechanistic understanding of oxide failures by developing models to predict exfoliation and the extent of tube blockage as a function of operating conditions and component geometries. Tensile testing inside a scanning electron microscope was conducted on ferritic–martensitic and austenitic steel specimens with the steam side (Fe,Cr)-rich oxides grown after exposures for up to 1000 h in steam with ~100 ppb O₂ at 276 bar and 550°C. Multiple oxide layer cracks and delamination events were observed and analyzed in detail during the tests. Results from the testing agreed well with earlier observations that had identified the failure location at the outer–inner oxide layer for all tested materials. Calculated adhesion energies identified the outer–inner oxide interface of alloy 347HFG as the weakest interface.

中文翻译：

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量化暴露于高温高压蒸汽的钢上氧化皮的附着力

氧化皮剥落是化石燃料发电中的一个主要问题，因为它会导致管道堵塞并腐蚀下游的阀门和蒸汽轮机部件。通过开发模型来预测剥落和管堵塞程度作为操作条件和部件几何形状的函数，来提高对氧化物失效的机械理解仍有相当大的科学和商业利益。对铁素体-马氏体和奥氏体钢试样在扫描电子显微镜内进行拉伸测试，在含有 ~100 ppb O _{2 的}蒸汽中暴露长达 1000 小时后，会生长出富含 (Fe, Cr) 的氧化物的蒸汽侧在 276 bar 和 550°C 下。在测试过程中观察并详细分析了多个氧化层裂纹和分层事件。测试结果与早期观察结果非常吻合，这些观察结果确定了所有测试材料的外-内氧化层的失效位置。计算的粘附能确定合金 347HFG 的外-内氧化物界面是最弱的界面。