Noncognitive and affective (NCA) factors (e.g., belonging, engineering identity, motivation, mindset, personality, etc.) are important to undergraduate student success. However, few studies have considered how these factors coexist and act in concert.

中文翻译：

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工科学生的非认知和情感因素：基于聚类分析的群体差异

非认知和情感（NCA）因素（例如，归属感，工程特性，动机，思维方式，个性等）对于本科生的成功至关重要。但是，很少有研究考虑这些因素如何共存并共同发挥作用。