In the simulation of the longitudinal dynamics of long trains, the modeling of the resistant forces and of the coupling system are two essential aspects. The modeling of the resistant forces directly affects the speed reached by each vehicle as well as the in-train forces. A literature review witnesses different laws for the calculation of both ordinary and accidental resistances. One of the objectives of this paper is to evaluate from the numerical point of view the influence of the resistant forces modeling strategy on the simulation outputs, i.e., on the speeds and in-train forces, by comparing different laws for propulsion and curving resistances. For what concerns the connection between the vehicles of the train, it is well known that the connection system is of utmost importance for the safety and running stability of the train. In this paper, the two existing coupling systems, i.e., the European buffer-hook system and the coupler used outside the European continent are first described, both in terms of operation and modelling techniques, and then they are compared on the same simulation scenario. All the simulations are performed on the first scenario of the International benchmark of the longitudinal train dynamic simulators, using the LTDPoliTO code developed by the railway research team from Politecnico di Torino.

在对长列车的纵向动力学进行仿真时，阻力和耦合系统的建模是两个基本方面。阻力的模型直接影响每辆车达到的速度以及火车上的力。文献综述见证了计算普通阻力和意外阻力的不同定律。本文的目的之一是通过比较不同的推进和弯曲阻力定律，从数值的角度评估抵抗力建模策略对模拟输出的影响，即对速度和列车作用力的影响。对于与列车车辆之间的连接有关的问题，众所周知，连接系统对于列车的安全性和行驶稳定性至关重要。在本文中，首先从操作和建模技术两个方面描述了现有的两个耦合系统，即欧洲缓冲钩系统和在欧洲大陆以外使用的耦合器，然后在相同的模拟场景下进行了比较。所有模拟都是使用由Politecnico di Torino的铁路研究小组开发的LTDPoliTO代码在纵向列车动态模拟器的国际基准的第一种情况下执行的。