Reniform nematode (RN, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira) has emerged as one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Planting resistant varieties is the most effective strategy for nematode management. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for RN resistance in an exotic soybean line, PI 438489B, using two linkage maps constructed from the Universal Soybean Linkage Panel (USLP 1.0) and next-generation whole-genome resequencing (WGRS) technology. Two QTL controlling RN resistance were identified—the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) resistance gene GmSNAP18 at the rhg1 locus and its paralog GmSNAP11. Strong association between resistant phenotype and haplotypes of the GmSNAP11 and GmSNAP18 was observed. The results indicated that GmSNAP11 possibly could have epistatic effect on GmSNAP18, or vice versa, with the presence of a significant correlation in RN resistance of rhg1-a GmSNAP18 vs. rhg1-b GmSNAP18. Most importantly, our preliminary data suggested that GmSNAP18 and GmSNAP11 proteins physically interact in planta, suggesting that they belong to the same pathway for resistance. Unlike GmSNAP18, no indication of GmSNAP11 copy number variation was found. Moreover, gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed for rapid detection of RN or SCN resistance at these loci. Our analysis substantiates synergic interaction between GmSNAP11 and GmSNAP18 genes and confirms their roles in RN as well as SCN resistance. These results could contribute to a better understanding of evolution and subfunctionalization of genes conferring resistance to multiple nematode species and provide a framework for further investigations.

中文翻译：

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剖析大豆中的线虫抗性区域揭示了大豆胞囊和肾状线虫抗性基因的多效性

肾形线虫 (RN, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira) 已成为大豆 [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]最重要的植物寄生线虫之一。种植抗病品种是管理线虫最有效的策略。本研究的目的是使用由通用大豆连锁面板 (USLP 1.0) 和下一代全基因组重测序构建的两个连锁图谱，确定外来大豆品系 PI 438489B 中 RN 抗性的数量性状基因座 (QTL)。 WGRS) 技术。鉴定了两个控制 RN 抗性的QTL——位于rhg1基因座的大豆胞囊线虫（SCN，Heterodera甘氨酸）抗性基因GmSNAP18及其旁系同源物GmSNAP11。观察到GmSNAP11和GmSNAP18 的抗性表型和单倍型之间的强关联。结果表明GmSNAP11可能对GmSNAP18具有上位效应，反之亦然，rhg1-a GmSNAP18与rhg1-b GmSNAP18 的RN 抗性存在显着相关性。最重要的是，我们的初步数据表明 GmSNAP18 和 GmSNAP11 蛋白在植物中物理相互作用，表明它们属于相同的抗性途径。与GmSNAP18不同，没有GmSNAP11 的迹象发现拷贝数变异。此外，基于基因的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 标记被开发用于快速检测这些位点的 RN 或 SCN 抗性。我们的分析证实了GmSNAP11和GmSNAP18基因之间的协同相互作用，并证实了它们在 RN 和 SCN 抗性中的作用。这些结果有助于更好地理解赋予多种线虫物种抗性的基因的进化和亚功能化，并为进一步研究提供框架。