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Canopy Cover Loss of Mediterranean Oak Woodlands: Long-term Effects of Management and Climate
Ecosystems ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-16 , DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00617-9
Vanda Acácio , Filipe S. Dias , Filipe X. Catry , Miguel N. Bugalho , Francisco Moreira

Although forest areas have been growing in Europe, some forest types have been declining regionally. Since the 1980 s, there have been reports of defoliation and mortality in evergreen oak woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula. However, long-term and large-scale trends of Iberian oak decline are still poorly understood. We quantified trends in canopy cover for cork oak (Quercus suber) and holm oak (Q. rotundifolia) woodlands in mainland Portugal for a 50 year period (1965 to 2015). We considered loss of canopy cover a proxy of forest degradation and asked how it changed over time, in association with human activity and climate. Between 1965 and 2015, both cork oak and holm oak canopy cover showed declining trends (57.9% and 71.1% of sampling points, respectively). Canopy cover dynamics, however, differed across time. Between 1965 and 1990, canopy cover gains (over 35% of sampling points) prevailed over losses (under 20%), with larger differences for cork oak than holm oak. Between 1990 and 2015, canopy cover losses (over 70% of sampling points) were much higher than gains (under 9%). Oak canopy cover decrease was associated with flatter areas (usually having more intensive land use) for both oak species, higher cattle numbers (holm oak only) and higher mean temperature (cork oak only). Contrastingly, loss of holm oak canopy cover seems to have occurred in less hot and dry regions that enable more intensive land uses. Active restoration is urgently needed to reverse the current decline in canopy cover in Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands.



中文翻译:

地中海橡木林地的树冠覆盖丧失:管理和气候的长期影响

尽管欧洲的森林面积一直在增长,但某些森林类型在区域内却在减少。自1980年代以来,有报道说伊比利亚半岛的常绿橡木林地出现落叶和死亡。但是,人们对伊比利亚橡树衰落的长期和大规模趋势仍知之甚少。我们量化了软木栎(Quercus suber)和hol木(Q. rotundifolia)的树冠覆盖趋势)在葡萄牙大陆的林地长达50年(1965年至2015年)。我们认为树冠的丧失掩盖了森林退化,并询问其随着时间的推移与人类活动和气候相关的变化。在1965年至2015年之间,软木橡树和硬木橡树的树冠覆盖率均呈下降趋势(分别为采样点的57.9%和71.1%)。但是,顶篷覆盖动力学随时间而有所不同。在1965年至1990年之间,树冠覆盖率的获得(超过采样点的35%)胜过损失(低于20%),其中软木栎木的差异大于m木栎木的差异。在1990年至2015年之间,林冠覆盖损失(超过采样点的70%)远高于获得的收益(不到9%)。橡木树冠覆盖率的下降与两种橡木树种的平坦区域(通常是土地集约利用)有关,较高的牲畜数量(仅适用于hol木)和较高的平均温度(仅适用于软木塞)。相比之下,圣栎树冠覆盖物的损失似乎发生在较热和干燥的地区,这些地区可以进行更密集的土地利用。迫切需要积极恢复,以扭转目前地中海常绿橡木林地的冠层覆盖率下降的趋势。

更新日期:2021-03-16
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