The analysis of TV violence cannot be limited to the quantification of its incidence, but should also take into account the type of violence broadcast and its context (what is depicted and how). Thus, normative models of violence (legitimized violence with positive consequences for the aggressor, or vice versa) could be understood as positive, while contra-normative models of violence (rewarding illegitimate violence and punishing legitimate violence) should be of far greater concern. This paper analyzes the normative contexts of TV violence through a content analysis of randomly selected fragments of TV programming (147 recorded hours). The results show that news programs and TV series/soaps delegitimized violence to a higher extent, while films tend to show legitimized or ambivalent violence. Positive consequences of violence predominate in fictional programs, except for TV series/soaps. Normative presentation of violence is more frequent, especially in nonfiction genres, as fiction has more freedom to depict the socially undesirable.

中文翻译：

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“不是多少，而是如何。” 使电视上播放的暴力内容与背景相关：规范性和叙事体裁

对电视暴力的分析不能仅仅限于对其发生率的量化，还应考虑到广播的暴力类型及其背景（所描绘的内容和方式）。因此，可以将规范性的暴力模式（对侵略者有积极影响的合法暴力，反之亦然）理解为积极的，而相反规范性的暴力模式（奖励非法暴力和惩罚合法暴力）则应受到更大关注。本文通过对随机选择的电视节目片段（记录的147个小时）进行内容分析，分析了电视暴力的规范背景。结果表明，新闻节目和电视连续剧/肥皂在很大程度上使暴力行为合法化，而电影往往表现出合法或矛盾的暴力行为。暴力的积极后果在虚构节目中占主导地位，电视连续剧/肥皂剧除外。暴力行为的规范性表达更为频繁，尤其是在非小说类型中，因为小说具有更多的自由描绘社会上的不良现象。