Reviewed by:

• Obstinate Heroism: The Confederate Surrenders after Appomattox by Steven J. Ramold
• Nicholas K. Roland

In 1901, former Union general Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain declared that "the [Civil] war was over when Lee signed the terms of surrender, and with the closing of the war all official record-writing ceased" (Southern Historical Society Papers, 1904). Nevertheless, most students of [End Page 352] American history are vaguely aware that other Confederate surrenders in fact took place after the high drama at Appomattox; however, the circumstances and details of these capitulations are rarely examined. Steven J. Ramold seeks to fill this gap with Obstinate Heroism.

Ramold opens his account with a summary of the state of the Confederacy as it entered the final stage of the war, arguing that it teetered on the brink of collapse in 1865, largely as a result of "poorly thought-out, badly executed, and excessively harsh policies" (12) that actively undermined both civilian morale and military effectiveness. The major Confederate surrenders after Appomattox are then examined in turn, first in North Carolina, followed by those in the Deep South, and finally with the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department by Edmund Kirby Smith. Each section of the book provides a concise narrative of the final military campaigns in the respective regions and a detailed account of the negotiations and surrender proceedings that finally terminated hostilities.

Details of the surrenders of different Confederate armies are significant because prior to Lincoln's death there was no precisely established guidance for how Union officers were to conduct these events. This situation led Union general William Tecumseh Sherman into a brief but intense controversy over the extent of military involvement in political affairs when he initially negotiated the surrender of the remnants of Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina but after that, all surrenders basically followed the terms established by Grant at Appomattox. Ultimately, one must conclude that while fighting sputtered on and each surrender negotiation was unique, Appomattox was the defining event of the war's end.

Texas historians will be particularly interested in the book's final three chapters. Because "Kirby Smithdom" functioned largely independently after the fall of Vicksburg, Ramold summarizes the political, military, and economic situation in the Trans-Mississippi Department over the course of the war, then gives a brief account of the final campaigns west of the Mississippi. The last chapter describes the collapse of Confederate authority and the will to fight in the spring of 1865, especially after news of Lee's surrender reached the department. Aside from a distracting insistence on referring to department commander Smith in every instance as "Kirby Smith" and an inaccurate description of the Battle of the Nueces, this section provides a concise introduction to the war and its termination in the Trans-Mississippi.

In his conclusion, Ramold argues that an understanding of "the messy and complicated reality of Confederate defeat" is often obscured by "the clean and tidy image, represented by Lee's dignified visage" (365), a historical memory that is linked to the Lost Cause. Whether one believes that internal collapse or military defeat was the proximate reason for Confederate collapse, Ramold ably demonstrates that the spring of 1865 saw the [End Page 353] Confederate people and their armies recognize the reality of their situation and choose to stop fighting. While there is already much literature on post-Appomattox Confederate surrenders in different regions, particularly North Carolina, Obstinate Courage is a good introduction to the topic that encompasses the whole of the erstwhile Confederacy.

审核人：

• 顽固的英雄主义：史蒂芬·J·拉莫德（Applattox）在Appomattox之后同盟投降
• 尼古拉斯·罗兰（Nicholas K.Roland）

1901年，前联盟总书记约书亚·劳伦斯·张伯伦宣布：“当李签署投降条款时，[内战]结束了，随着战争的结束，所有正式记录的写作都停止了”（《南方历史学会》，1904年）。然而，[End Page 352]美国历史上的大多数学生都模糊地意识到，事实上其他同盟投降实际上是在Appomattox的高戏剧性之后发生的。但是，很少对这些投降的情况和细节进行检查。史蒂文·J·拉莫德（Steven J. Ramold）试图用顽固的英雄主义来填补这一空白。

拉莫尔德在进入战争最后阶段时就以邦联状态的摘要来开始他的叙述，认为邦联在1865年濒临崩溃的边缘摇摇欲坠，这在很大程度上是由于“思想欠佳，执行不力和过分苛刻的政策”（第12条），这既破坏了平民的士气，也削弱了军事效力。随后依次检查了Appomattox之后的主要同盟投降国，首先是在北卡罗来纳州，其次是在深南地区，最后是埃德蒙·柯比·史密斯（Edmund Kirby Smith）对密西西比州跨部的投降。本书的每一节都简要介绍了各个地区的最终军事战役，并详细介绍了最终终止敌对行动的谈判和投降程序。

同盟国军队投降的细节非常重要，因为在林肯去世之前，还没有确切确定的指导方针来指导联盟军官如何开展这些活动。这种情况导致联盟将军威廉·特库姆谢尔曼（William Tecumseh Sherman）最初在北卡罗来纳州谈判投降约瑟夫·E·约翰斯顿（Joseph E. Grant在Appomattox建立的条款。最终，必须得出一个结论，尽管战斗纷至and来，每次投降谈判都是独一无二的，但Appomattox是战争结束的决定性事件。

得克萨斯州的历史学家将对这本书的最后三章特别感兴趣。由于“柯比·史密顿博物馆”在维克斯堡沦陷后很大程度上独立运作，拉莫德总​​结了整个密西西比州在整个战争期间的政治，军事和经济状况，然后简要介绍了密西西比州以西的最后战役。上一章描述了同盟国权力的瓦解以及在1865年春季进行战斗的意愿，尤其是在李的投降消息传到国防部之后。除了会分散注意力地坚持将司令史密斯在任何情况下都称为“柯比·史密斯”和对核军之战的不准确描述外，本节还简要介绍了战争及其在密西西比河的终结。

拉蒙德在结论中认为，对“同盟失败的混乱和复杂现实”的理解常常被“由李的端庄的容貌代表的干净整洁的形象”（365）所掩盖，这是与失落者联系在一起的历史记忆。原因。无论是相信内部崩溃还是军事失败是同盟垮台的直接原因，拉莫德都能证明，在1865年春天，[End Page 353]邦联人民和他们的军队认识到他们处境的现实，并选择了停止战斗。虽然是在不同的区域，特别是北卡罗莱纳州，后阿波马托克斯同盟退保已经好多文学顽固勇气 是对该主题的一个很好的介绍，该主题涵盖了以前所有的邦联。