Reviewed by:

• Charros: How Mexican Cowboys are Remapping Race and American Identity by Laura R. Barraclough
• Karla A. Lira

In 2013, eleven-year-old Sebastien de la Cruz, dressed as a charro and introduced as El Charro de Oro, sang the national anthem in game three of the NBA Finals in San Antonio, Texas. The performance became a trending topic on Twitter as some tweets linked him to "illegals" and sparked racist comments. Introducing her study with the continuing fight of charros like De la Cruz to claim space in the United States, Laura Barraclough analyzes the intersections of space, race, and politics in Charros. [End Page 361] The historian focuses on the ways in which "ethnic Mexicans in the United States have mobilized the charro in service of civil rights, cultural citizenship, and place-making since the 1930s" (2). Barraclough successfully analyzes charros through geographic, thematic, and chronological lenses.

Five chapters explain how the charro, a term associated with middle-and upper-class Mexican and Mexican American cowboys or "gentleman horsemen" (1), has influenced American society in the twentieth century. Chapter 1, "Claiming State Power in Mid-Twentieth-Century Los Angeles," delineates the way charros used their identity to demonstrate their "capacity for citizenship" (39) from the 1920s to the mid-1960s by participating in law enforcement agencies and the film industry. More important to Texas history is chapter 2, "Building San Antonio's Post-War Tourist Economy." Here the author uncovers the relationship between charros and Anglo Americans through co-sponsorship of events that highlight them as effective economic leaders, thereby challenging the structure of economic and political marginalization by their White counterparts. Similarly, chapter 3, "Creating Multi-Cultural Public Institutions in Denver and Pueblo" addresses charro organizations that created public education opportunities for ethnic Mexicans in Colorado. Chapter 4, "Claiming Suburban Public Space and Transforming L.A.'s Racial Geographies" circles back to California to discuss charrería, performances and cultural practices that claim space as "Mexican" and echoes the Texas themes of upward economic mobility in the post-World War II era. Lastly, chapter 5, "Shaping Animal Welfare Laws and Becoming Formal Political Subjects," details how charros developed political platforms to counter animal welfare activism arising from treatment of animals in the charreada, or rodeo.

Barraclough's historical contribution to southwestern and Mexican American history traces the discourse of charros as agents of change who use their economic stability for upward mobility and identity formation. She uses a balance of primary and secondary sources, such as the census, letters, and newspapers, along with popular media like film and Facebook photographs to support her argument. She also includes aids such as photographs of a lienzo charro—the keyhole-shaped arena--or cola—the grabbing of an animal's tail--for readers to visualize key elements of a charreada.

Shortcomings in her analysis appear in her last chapter, where Barraclough's writing briefly distracts from her core message: as a result of animal activists' fighting against "horse tripping," charros mobilized political action to assert the rights of their practice. She portrays the conflict between animal rights activists and charros as a racial issue, but does not fully commit to this argument, thus confusing her point and leaving the chapter less effective.

Barraclough closely examines the discourse and social advancement of charros in the United States. Her book provides a fresh perspective that steers away from traditional historiographic approaches and joins the nascent [End Page 362] literature on Mexican American and southwestern history by looking at charros, through gender, sports, and class, as historical figures who have made their way in to the traditional spaces of White men.

审核人：

• 查罗斯：墨西哥牛仔如何重塑种族和美国身份作者：劳拉·巴拉克拉夫（Laura R. Barraclough）
• 卡拉·A·里拉

2013年，年仅11岁的塞巴斯蒂安·德拉克鲁兹（Sebastien de la Cruz）扮成Charro，并以El Charro de Oro的身份入选，在德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市的NBA总决赛第三场中演唱了国歌。由于一些推文将他与“非法”联系在一起并引发种族主义评论，因此该表演成为Twitter上的热门话题。与像德拉克鲁兹在美国charros的持续斗争，要求空间介绍她的研究，劳拉巴勒克拉夫分析的空间，种族和政治的交叉点Charros。[结束页361]历史学家关注“自1930年代以来，美国的种族墨西哥人动员了查洛人，以服务于公民权利，文化公民身份和场所营造”（2）。Barraclough通过地理，主题和时间顺序成功地分析了charros。

五个章节介绍了charro这个名词与中上层墨西哥人和墨西哥裔美国人的牛仔或“绅士骑兵”有关（1），在20世纪影响了美国社会。第1章“在20世纪中叶的洛杉矶声讨国家权力”，概述了查罗斯（Charros）通过参与执法机构来利用其身份来展示其1920年代至1960年代中期的“公民能力”的方式（39）。电影业。对于得克萨斯州历史而言，更重要的是第二章“建立圣安东尼奥战后旅游经济”。在这里，作者通过共同赞助事件来揭示查罗斯人与盎格鲁美国人之间的关系，这些事件突显了他们是有效的经济领袖，从而挑战了白人同僚的经济和政治边缘化结构。同样，第3章“在丹佛和普韦布洛建立多元文化公共机构”探讨了为科罗拉多州的墨西哥人创造公共教育机会的查罗组织。第4章“对郊区公共空间进行索赔并改变洛杉矶的种族地理条件”圈子回到加利福尼亚，讨论以太空为“墨西哥人”的特色，表演和文化习俗，呼应了第二次世界大战后德克萨斯州日益增长的经济流动性的主题。最后，第5章“塑造动物福利法并成为正式的政治主体”，详细说明了查罗斯如何发展政治平台来对抗因对待charreada或圈地中的动物而产生的动物福利行动主义。

巴拉克拉夫（Barraclough）对西南和墨西哥裔美国人历史的历史贡献可追溯到夏洛斯作为变革推动者的话语，他们利用其经济稳定性来实现向上的流动性和身份认同。她使用了主要和次要资源（例如人口普查，信件和报纸）以及流行媒体（例如电影和Facebook照片）的平衡来支持她的论点。她还提供了一些辅助工具，例如lienzo charro（锁孔形竞技场）或可乐（抓住动物的尾巴）的照片，以使读者可视化charreada的关键元素。

她的分析中的不足之处出现在她的最后一章中，巴拉克拉夫的著作在此一文中短暂地分散了她的核心信息：由于动物活动家与“马绊倒”作斗争，查罗斯动员了政治行动来主张其行为的权利。她将动物权利活动家和查罗斯之间的冲突描述为种族问题，但并未完全支持该论点，因此混淆了她的观点并使本章的效力降低。

巴拉克拉夫（Barraclough）仔细研究了美国查罗斯的话语和社会进步。她的书提供了崭新的视角，使他们摆脱了传统的史学方法，并通过以性别，运动和阶级等身份看待查罗斯，将墨西哥裔美国人和西南历史的新生文献纳入文献[End Page 362]。进入白人传统空间。